Both sides claimed that Plato and Aristotle supported their cause.

Kant claimed it was Hume ’ s skepticism about the nature of inductive reasoning and the conclusions of rationalist metaphysicians ( Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz ) that " roused him from his dogmatic ( i. e. rationalist ) slumbers " and spurred him on to one of the most far reaching re-evaluations of human reason since Aristotle.

And it has been claimed, though controversially, that there were elements of socialist thought in the politics of classical Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle.

Kant claimed that this problem could be solved with his " transcendental logic " which unlike normal logic is not just an instrument, which can be used indifferently, as it was for Aristotle, but a theoretical science in its own right and the basis of all the others.

According to Aristotle, the Megarians of his day claimed there was no distinction between potentiality and actuality.

Aristotle claimed that eels were lacking in sex and lacking milt, spawn and the passages for either.

He also says that they possessed a portrait of Christ, a painting they claimed had been made by Pilate during his lifetime, which they honoured along with images of Plato, Pythagoras and Aristotle " in the manner of the Gentiles ".

Aristotle had claimed that swallows hibernated but Willughby and Ray ( 1678: 212, quoted in Raven 1942: 328 ) wrote: " To us it seems more probable that they fly away into hot countries, viz.

Immanuel Kant thought that there was nothing else to invent after the work of Aristotle, and a famous logic historian called Karl von Prantl claimed that any logician who said anything new about logic was " confused, stupid or perverse.

Aristotle claimed that Aeschylus added the second actor, and that Sophocles introduced the third.

Even Aristotle claimed that " there is no science of the accident ," but Virilio disagrees, pointing to the growing credibility of simulators designed to escape the accident -- an industry born from the unholy marriage of post-WW2 science and the military-industrial complex.

In Classical Antiquity, Aristotle claimed there was a fundamental scale of seven basic colors.

However, Aristotle never claimed that = A, 1 = 1, or A ≡ A, none of which correspond symbolically to " the fact that a thing is itself ," for the simple reason that Aristotle never explicitly made the claim " thing is thing.

Aristotle himself claimed that blue eyes had less liquid in them than darker eyes, and that they indicated poor eyesight, especially in daylight.

* Aristotle claimed to have known God ' for a short time ' only, but that was enough.

Aristotle used the term Graikos related with Hellenes ( Meteorologica I xiv ) and claimed that it was the name originally used by the Illyrians for the Dorians in Epirus from Graii native name of the people of Epirus.

The ancients had a variety of ideas about heredity: Theophrastus proposed that male flowers caused female flowers to ripen ; Hippocrates speculated that " seeds " were produced by various body parts and transmitted to offspring at the time of conception ; and Aristotle thought that male and female semen mixed at conception.

For example, to cite Cynthia Freeland's catalogue: " Aristotle says that the courage of a man lies in commanding, a woman's lies in obeying ; that " matter yearns for form, as the female for the male and the ugly for the beautiful ;" that women have fewer teeth than men ; that a female is an incomplete male or " as it were, a deformity ": which contributes only matter and not form to the generation of offspring ; that in general " a woman is perhaps an inferior being "; that female characters in a tragedy will be inappropriate if they are too brave or too clever "( Freeland 1994: 145-46 )

According to Aristotle ( in Politics ), Hippodamos was a pioneer of urban planning and he devised an ideal city to be inhabited by 10, 000 men ( free male citizens ), while the overall population including the correspondent women, children and slaves would reach 50, 000 people.

Concerning sexual reproduction, Aristotle argued that the male parent provided the " form ," or soul, that guided development through semen, and the female parent contributed unorganized matter, allowing the embryo to grow.

Susan Bordo, a modern feminist philosopher, in her writings elaborates the dualistic nature of the mind / body connection by examining the early philosophies of Aristotle, Hegel and Descartes, revealing how such distinguishing binaries such as spirit / matter and male activity / female passivity have worked to solidify gender characteristics and categorization.

The exact gestational age at which ensoulment is believed to happen has been debated: a widely held view, dating from at latest the time of Aristotle, was that the human soul entered the forming body at 40 days ( male embryos ) or 90 days ( female embryos ), and quickening was also named an indication of the presence of a soul.

In this work, he differed from Aristotle in arguing that, in addition to a male seed, there is also a female seed, which contributes the vegetative soul to a fetus.

But Aristotle kept the principle of levels and even augmented it by describing in the Poetics what kinds of character and action must be imitated if the play is to be a vehicle of serious and important human truths.

Additional philosophical considerations, advanced notably by Aristotle, supported further the circularity principle.

Although ancient Greek philosophers believed in individual virtue ethics, philosophers like " Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics not accept the formal principle that whatever the good is, we should seek only our own good, or prefer it to the good of others.

His statement, regarded as a logical principle purely and apart from material facts, does not therefore amount to more than that of Aristotle, which deals simply with the significance of negation.

In Łukasiewicz 1951 book, Aristotle ’ s Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic, he mentions that the principle of his notation was to write the functors before the arguments to avoid brackets and that he had employed his notation in his logical papers since 1929.

In this benchmark text, Aristotle establishes the principle of " action " or " praxis " as the basis for all drama.

The Greek philosopher Aristotle ( 384 to 322 BCE ) understood the optical principle of the pinhole camera.

The principle of holism was concisely summarized by Aristotle in the Metaphysics: " The whole is more than the sum of its parts ".

Writing in the fourth century B. C., Aristotle also mentioned this principle.

As to the doctrine of God, Abraham ibn Daud, like Aristotle and his Arabic interpreters, proceeding from the principle of motion, and basing his argument upon the proof of the impossibility of a regressus in infinitum, arrives at the conception of a First Cause of all motion, or of a Prime Mover, who Himself, as First Cause, can not have any other cause of motion above Him, and must, therefore, be thought of as motionless.

Aristotle described the story of Thales, a poor philosopher from Miletus who developed a " financial device, which involves a principle of universal application ".

Aristotle was particularly concerned with the problem of future contingents, where he could not accept that the principle of bivalence applies to statements about future events, i. e. that we can presently decide if a statement about a future event is true or false, such as " there will be a sea battle tomorrow ".

Aristotle concerns himself with an effective structural element of the dramatic action, Szondi explains his tragic dialectic in an abstract sort of ' mode of action which follows on a unity of opposites ', as ' conversion of one state of affairs to its opposite ' a principle which, in its dramatic realizations, may take on many different forms and shapes.

In Book III of his Politics ( 1279a ), Aristotle seems to indicate that, in principle, politeia refers generically to any form of government or constitution, although he uses the word also to call a particular form of government: “ When the citizens at large govern for the public good, it is called by the name common to all governments ( politeion ), government ( politeia )”.

Proceeding on the principle that like can only be known by like, Trendelenburg next reaches a doctrine peculiar to himself ( though based upon Aristotle ) that plays a central part in his speculations.

Aristotle highlights " the fact that a thing is itself " because the objective of his inquiry at that point in the Metaphysics concerns " substance " and to provide answers to the question " what kind of thing substance should be said to be ", given that " substance is a principle and a cause " of being.

In his Metaphysics ( Book IV ), Aristotle gives the following explication of that linguistic principle which later came to be known as the Law of Identity: “ First then this at least is obviously true, that the word ' be ' or ' not be ' has a definite meaning, so that not everything will be “ so and not so ”.

Donald Devine has argued Meyer's synthesis is a first principle or axiom that is as valid as Strauss ’ monist first principle and relates this to Hayek ’ s critical rationalism philosophical tradition and those he identifies with it such as Aristotle, Cicero, Thomas Aquinas, Montesquieu, John Locke, Adam Smith and Lord Acton.

Thomas Aquinas adopted this principle from the Peripatetic school of Greek philosophy, established by Aristotle.

In his treatise on the Topics, Aristotle does not explicitly define a topos, though it is " at least primarily a strategy for argument not infrequently justified or explained by a principle.

Aristotle suggested instead that the ( nonphysical ) form-giving principle of an organism was transmitted through semen ( which he considered to be a purified form of blood ) and the mother's menstrual blood, which interacted in the womb to direct an organism's early development.

In ancient Greek Philosophy, Aristotle foregrounded the meaning of arche as the element or principle of a thing, which although undemonstrable and intangible in itself, provides the conditions of the possibility of that thing.