Russell notes that these errors make it difficult to do historical justice to Aristotle, until one remembers how large of an advance he made upon all of his predecessors.

In Aristotle, substances are to be clarified by stating their definition: a note expressing a larger class ( the genus ) followed by further notes expressing specific differences ( differentiae ) within the class.

Aristotle notes that Draco, while having the laws written, merely legislated for an existing unwritten Athenian constitution, such as setting exact qualifications for eligibility for office.

The best evidence of Aristotle's having thought there was a natural law comes from the Rhetoric, where Aristotle notes that, aside from the " particular " laws that each people has set up for itself, there is a " common " law that is according to nature.

The best evidence of Aristotle's having thought there was a natural law comes from the Rhetoric, where Aristotle notes that, aside from the " particular " laws that each people has set up for itself, there is a " common " law that is according to nature.

Carlyle notes: " There is no change in political theory so startling in its completeness as the change from the theory of Aristotle to the later philosophical view represented by Cicero and Seneca .... We think that this cannot be better exemplified than with regard to the theory of the equality of human nature.

Explaining the views of Leucippus, who held that the world arose through the random combination of atoms, Aristotle notes that the atoms themselves are homogeneous and their possible arrangements only differ in shape, position and ordering.

He also wrote a number of commentaries on Aristotle, including the first in the West of Posterior Analytics, and one on Aristotle's Physics, which has survived as a loose collection of notes or glosses on the text.

" The style of these works, as of the botanical books, suggests that, as in the case of Aristotle, what we possess consists of notes for lectures or notes taken of lectures ," his translator Arthur Hort remarks.

Further works include editions with notes of Paley's Moral Philosophy ( 1852 ); Education as a Science ( 1879 ); Dissertations on leading philosophical topics ( 1903, mainly reprints of papers in Mind ); he collaborated with JS Mill and Grote in editing James Mill's Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind ( 1869 ), and assisted in editing Grote's Aristotle and Minor Works ; he also wrote a memoir prefixed to G Croom Robertson's Philosophical Remains ( 1894 ).

This was followed by the text of Polyaenus, an editio princeps, 1589 ; a text of Aristotle, 1590 ; and a few notes contributed to Estienne's editions of Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Pliny's Epistolae.

His outlook in the Speculum, a work written very late in his life, probably in 1215, and perhaps drawing heavily on his teaching notes from the past decades, combines an interest in the platonic writings of earlier twelfth-century thinkers such as Thierry of Chartres and William of Conches, with an early appreciation of the newly translated writings of Aristotle and Avicenna.

Aristotle ( Meteorology III. 2, 372a14 ) notes that " two mock suns rose with the sun and followed it all through the day until sunset.

Plato and Goethe stand for the philosophy of Becoming, Aristotle and Kant the philosophy of Being ... Goethe's notes and verse .. must be regarded as the expression of a perfectly definite metaphysical doctrine.

Not all bonds of philia involves reciprocity Aristotle notes.

Based largely on Aristotle ’ s notes, the Ninth Book of his Enquiry deals specifically with medicinal herbs and their uses including the recommendations of herbalists and druggists of the day, and his plant descriptions often included their natural habitat and geographic distribution.

The goddess Dulness notes that her power is so great that, " Time himself stands still at her command ,/ Realms shift their place, and Ocean turns to land ," and thus claims credit for the routine violation of the Unities of Aristotle in poetry.

Approximately 2, 300 years ago, Aristotle carefully took notes on cetaceans while traveling on boats with fishermen in the Aegean Sea.

Like the other works of Aristotle that have survived from antiquity, the Rhetoric seems not to have been intended for publication, being instead a collection of his students ' notes in response to his lectures.

Published in 1991 and translated by George A. Kennedy, a leading classicist and rhetorician, this work is notable for the precision of its translation and for its extensive commentary, notes, and references to modern scholarship on Aristotle and the Rhetoric.

In Chapter 1, Aristotle notes that emotions cause men to change their opinion in regard to their judgments.

After defining dialectical reasoning ( syllogism ) and distinguishing it from demonstrative, contentious, and ( one might say ) " pseudo-scientific " syllogism, Aristotle notes the utility of the art of dialectic, then sets out four bases ( accident, property, genus, definition ) from which invention of such reasoning proceeds.

According to Aristotle, the four elements rise or fall toward their natural place in concentric layers surrounding the center of the earth and form the terrestrial or sublunary spheres.

Aristotle, ( 384 – 322 BCE ), believed earth was the heaviest element, and his theory of natural place suggested that any earth – laden substances, would fall quickly, straight down, toward the center of the cosmos.

Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history.

Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle were among the first to record observations on natural history.

From Aristotle until Darwin, the natural world was predominantly considered static and unchanging.

Aristotle (, Aristotélēs ) ( 384 BCE – 322 BCE ), a student of Plato, promoted the concept that observation of physical phenomena could ultimately lead to the discovery of the natural laws governing them.

According to Aristotle, these four terrestrial elements are capable of inter-transformation and move toward their natural place, so a stone falls downward toward the center of the cosmos, but flames rise upward toward the circumference.

While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity ( for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others ), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages ( for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī and Roger Bacon ), the dawn of modern science is generally traced back to the early modern period, during what is known as the Scientific Revolution that took place in 16th and 17th century Europe.

Aristotle is often said to be the father of natural law.

Like his philosophical forefathers, Socrates and Plato, Aristotle posited the existence of natural justice or natural right ( dikaion physikon, δικαίον φυσικόν, Latin ius naturale ).

This was based on Aquinas ' conflation of natural law and natural right, the latter of which Aristotle posits in Book V of the Nicomachean Ethics (= Book IV of the Eudemian Ethics ).

The context of this remark, however, suggests only that Aristotle advised that it could be rhetorically advantageous to appeal to such a law, especially when the " particular " law of ones ' own city was adverse to the case being made, not that there actually was such a law ; Aristotle, moreover, considered two of the three candidates for a universally valid, natural law suggested in this passage to be wrong.

Some of the earliest recorded speculations linked mind ( sometimes described as identical with soul or spirit ) to theories concerning both life after death, and cosmological and natural order, for example in the doctrines of Zoroaster, the Buddha, Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Greek, Indian and, later, Islamic and medieval European philosophers.

For example, following the ideas of Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle, scientists reasoned that a cannonball falls down because its natural position is in the earth ; the sun, the moon, and the stars travel in circles around the earth because it is the nature of heavenly objects to travel in perfect circles.

Against the conventionalism that the distinction between nature and custom could engender, Socrates and his philosophic heirs, Plato and Aristotle, posited the existence of natural justice or natural right ( dikaion physikon, δικαιον φυσικον, Latin ius naturale ).

Of these, Aristotle is often said to be the father of natural law.

According to some, Aquinas conflates the natural law and natural right, the latter of which Aristotle posits in Book V of the Nicomachean Ethics ( Book IV of the Eudemian Ethics ).

the scheme of distributive and corrective justice that would be established under the best political community ; were this to take the form of law, this could be called a natural law, though Aristotle does not discuss this and suggests in the Politics that the best regime may not rule by law at all.

When a person's actions are completely virtuous in all matters in relation to others, Aristotle calls her " just " in the sense of " general justice ;" as such this idea of justice is more or less coextensive with virtue.

Aristotle moves from this unqualified discussion of justice to a qualified view of political justice, by which he means something close to the subject of modern jurisprudence.

Of political justice, Aristotle argues that it is partly derived from nature and partly a matter of convention.

Instead they have brought to the fore the literary qualities of the History, which they see as belonging to narrative tradition of Homer and Hesiod and as concerned with the concepts of justice and suffering found in Plato and Aristotle and problematized in Aeschylus and Sophocles.

: For example, regarding what are the most important virtues, Aristotle proposed the nine listed earlier ( just above Historical origins ): wisdom ; prudence ; justice ; fortitude ; courage ; liberality ; magnificence ; magnanimity ; temperance.

# Accounts of the virtue of justice ( in particular, Aristotle and Aquinas ’ s theories of natural justice ) have implications for debates between natural lawyers and legal positivists over the nature of law.

Aquinas adopted the four cardinal virtues of Aristotle, justice, courage, temperance and prudence, and added to them the Christian virtues of faith, hope and charity ( from St. Paul, ).

Aristotle took up this conception of distributive justice as an alternative to justice as fairness in his Nicomachean Ethics.

The idea of virtue is often associated with justice and the idea of vice with injustice ( Plato, Aristotle etc .).