It recognized the " special position " of the Malays provided in the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, in particular Article 153.

As a result, Article 153 of the Constitution states that,

" Article 153 itself expressly forbids particular forms of discrimination ; clause 5 states that " All persons of whatever race in the same grade in the service of the Federation shall, subject to the terms and conditions of their employment, be treated impartially ," while clause 9 states: " Nothing in this Article shall empower Parliament to restrict business or trade solely for the purpose of reservations for Malays.

The Reid Commission, which drafted the Constitution, initially proposed that Article 153 expire after 15 years unless renewed by Parliament.

In the 1970s, the government implemented the New Economic Policy ( NEP ), designed to be a more aggressive form of affirmative action for the Bumiputra than Article 153.

Article 153 provides specifically for the use of quotas in the granting of scholarships, positions in the civil service, and business licences, as well as native reservations of land.

* Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia

The right to property was guaranteed by Article 153.

† Protections provided by Articles 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124, and 153 could be suspended or restricted by the President through invocation of his authority granted under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution.

The Malaysian Chinese and Indian-Malaysians-who are significant ethnic minorities in Malaysia-were granted citizenship by the Malaysian Constitution but this implied a social contract that left them at a disadvantage in other ways, as Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia refers to the special " position " of the Malay people,

In 2005, UMNO Youth Chief Hishammuddin Hussein brandished the keris at the UMNO Annual General Meeting ( AGM ) while decrying critics of Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia and the social contract.

Both Article 153 and the social contract preserve special privileges for the Malays.

In line with their commitment to equality, the DAP originally campaigned against Bumiputra privileges, such as those afforded to them by Article 153 of the Constitution.

Most of these concerned Bumiputra privileges, such as Article 153.

When the Federation of Malaya ( West Malaysia ) declared independence in 1957, its Constitution contained a provision called Article 153 that provided special position for the Malays.

" When Malaya merged with Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak in 1963 to form the Federation of Malaysia, the new Constitution retained Article 153, and the definition of Bumiputra was expanded to include all the indigenous population of Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia.

The Reid Commission stated that the intent of Article 153 was to address economic inequality among ethnic Chinese and Malays.

That same year, Tun Razak also announced the NEP, as well as some controversial amendments to the Sedition Act that prohibited discussion of repealing certain articles of the Constitution, including Article 153, even in the Houses of Parliament.

The exceptions expressly allowed under the Constitution includes the affirmative actions taken to protect the special position for the Malays of Peninsular Malaysia and the indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak ( collectively, Bumiputras ) under Article 153.

Article 10 ( 4 ) states that Parliament may pass law prohibiting the questioning of any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative established or protected by the provisions of Part III, Article 152, 153 or 181 of the Constitution.

" The Malaysian definition has of course been modified to suit local circumstance and in particular, it includes acts or things done " to question any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative established or protected by the provisions of Part III of the Federal Constitution or Article 152, 153 or 181 of the Federal Constitution.

Note however that notwithstanding this Article, the Government is required, under Article 153, to implement affirmative action programs such as the reservation of places in tertiary educational institutions for the benefit of Malays and natives of Sabah and Sarawak.

With respect to Article 2,, paragraphs 1 ( B ) and 1 ( C ): Uses of Section 104 ( E ) and Section 104 ( G ) rupees: The Government of India will use the amount of rupees granted or loaned to it by the United States pursuant to paragraphs 1 ( B ) and 1 ( C ) for projects to promote economic development with emphasis upon the agricultural sector including food reserve storage structures and facilities as may from time to time be agreed upon by the authorized representatives of the United States and the authorized representatives of the Government of India, in the following sectors: A.

The Government of India further agrees in cooperation with the Government of the United States, to coordinate the use of grant and loan funds provided for in paragraphs 1 ( B ) and 1 ( C ) of Article 2, with such direct dollar assistance as may be made available by the Government of the United States of America, so that both sources of financing may be channeled to specific and clearly identifiable economic development programs and projects.

Local currency will be advanced or reimbursed to the Government of India for financing agreed projects under paragraphs 1 ( B ) and 1 ( C ) of Article 2, of the Agreement upon the presentation of such documentation as the United States may specify.

* Article 1 – The area to be used for peaceful purposes only ; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose ;

* Article 7 – Treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment ; advance notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must be given ;

In the United States, the power of the federal judiciary to review and invalidate unconstitutional acts of the federal executive branch is stated in the constitution, Article III sections 1 and 2: " The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.

In May 2010, the Washington State Supreme Court provided an opinion after it was asked to certify a question referred by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington: “ Whether a public library, consistent with Article I, § 5 of the Washington Constitution, may filter Internet access for all patrons without disabling Web sites containing constitutionally-protected speech upon the request of an adult library patron .” The Washington State Supreme Court ruled that NCRL ’ s internet filtering policy did not violate Article I, Section 5 of the Washington State Constitution.

The Belgic Confession, used in Reformed churches, devotes a section ( Article 6 ) to " The difference between the canonical and apocryphal books " and asserts that " All which the Church may read and take instruction from, so far as they agree with the canonical books ; but they are far from having such power and efficacy as that we may from their testimony confirm any point of faith or of the Christian religion ; much less to detract from the authority of the other sacred books.

Article XXI teaches: " General Councils ... when they be gathered together, forasmuch as they be an assembly of men, whereof all be not governed with the Spirit and word of God, they may err and sometime have erred, even in things pertaining to God.

In this respect, problems of compliance with Article 6 may arise when national laws allow the use in evidence of the testimonies of absent, anonymous and vulnerable witnesses.

Furthermore, Article 8 sometimes comprises positive obligations: whereas classical human rights are formulated as prohibiting a State from interfering with rights, and thus not to do something ( e. g. not to separate a family under family life protection ), the effective enjoyment of such rights may also include an obligation for the State to become active, and to do something ( e. g. to enforce access for a divorced parent to his / her child ).

Those limits are expressed in Article XXI of the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, ratified in 1571 ( significantly, just as the Council of Trent was drawing to a close ), which held that " General Councils ... may err, and sometimes have erred ... wherefore things ordained by them as necessary to salvation have neither strength nor authority, unless it may be declared that they be taken out of holy Scripture.

Article 104, paragraph 1 of the German Constitution provides that deprivations of liberty may be imposed only on the basis of a specific enabling statute that also must include procedural rules.

Article III of the Constitution states that judges remain in office " during good behavior ", implying that Congress may remove a judge for bad behavior via impeachment and conviction.

Under Article 34 Statute of the ICJ only states may be parties in cases before the Court and, under Article 36, the jurisdiction comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force.

::( c ) Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights, imported into English law by the Human Rights Act 1998 provides that a person of unsound mind may only be detained where proper account of objective medical expertise has been taken.

According to the 1999 Constitution of Niger, the President may call a referendum on any matter ( except for a revision of those elements of the Constitution outlined in Article 136 — including the presidential term limits ).

Article 177 would give the Court of Justice jurisdiction to interpret and apply their principles so, if the political will arises, uniformity may gradually emerge in letter.

* Article 25 ( 5 ) states that the Article 7 ban on mining may not be repealed unless a future treaty establishes a binding regulatory framework for such activity.