Aluminum is also far more common in the Earth and Earth's crust than the universe and solar system, but the composition of Earth's mantle ( which has more magnesium and iron in place of aluminum ) more closely mirrors that of the universe, save for the noted loss of volatile elements.

Biomes are larger units of organization that categorize regions of the Earth's ecosystems, mainly according to the structure and composition of vegetation.

The objectives of the Centre shall be to develop, and operate on a regular basis, global models and data-assimilation systems for the dynamics, thermodynamics and composition of the Earth's fluid envelope and interacting parts of the Earth-system, with a view to preparing forecasts by means of numerical methods, providing initial conditions for the forecasts, and contributing to monitoring the relevant parts of the Earth-system.

Synthetic stick absorption spectrum of a simple gas mixture corresponding to the Atmosphere of Earth | Earth's atmosphere composition based on HITRAN data created using Hitran on the Web system.

Moreover, some evidence suggests that Earth's original atmosphere might have had a different composition from the gas used in the Miller – Urey experiment.

Therefore, the absence of life in Venus, with a somewhat similar composition to Earth's primitive conditions or the absence of life on Mars, given the proposed " resilience " of life in space, damages the panspermia theory, at least based on observations of our own Solar System-the theory suggests that life would be more abundant in the Solar system.

Geologists use specialised ground-penetrating radars to map the composition of Earth's crust.

Similarly, variable composition within the Earth's interior which has not yet achieved maximal stability and minimal energy ( in other words, with densest parts deepest ) continues to cause a fraction of the convection of fluid rock and molten metal within the Earth's interior ( see below ).

The term geophysics sometimes refers only to the geological applications: Earth's shape ; its gravitational and magnetic fields ; its internal structure and composition ; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation.

The physical properties of minerals must be understood to infer the composition of the Earth's interior from seismology, the geothermal gradient and other sources of information.

Evidence from seismology, heat flow at the surface, and mineral physics is combined with the Earth's mass and moment of inertia to infer models of the Earth's interior-its composition, density, temperature, pressure.

The composition of meteoroids can be determined as they pass through Earth's atmosphere from their trajectories and the light spectra of the resulting meteor.

These mantle-derived magmas ( which are basaltic in composition ) can continue to rise, ultimately to the Earth's surface, resulting in a volcanic eruption.

The chemical composition of the erupting lava depends upon the degree to which the mantle-derived basalt ( a ) interacts with ( melts ) the Earth's crust and / or ( b ) undergoes fractional crystallization.

The composition of the Earth's atmosphere has been changed by human activity and some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems.

The composition of the Earth's atmosphere is different from the other planets because the various life processes that have transpired on the planet have introduced free molecular oxygen.

Although Gurdjieff presents these abstract ideas as preparatory material for an exercise, the exercise itself does not appear in the text, which ends in an ellipsis during an explanation of the peculiarities of air's role in Earth's planetary composition.

These processes establish a global control system that regulates Earth's surface temperature, atmosphere composition and ocean salinity, powered by the global thermodynamic disequilibrium state of the Earth system.

The Gaia theory states that the Earth's atmospheric composition is kept at a dynamically steady state by the presence of life.

She wrote that the composition of the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere are regulated around " set points " as in homeostasis, but those set points change with time.

The stated areas of study were the deep structure of the Baltic Shield ; seismic discontinuities and the thermal regime in the Earth's crust ; the physical and chemical composition of the deep crust and the transition from upper to lower crust ; lithospheric geophysics ; and to create and develop technologies for deep geophysical study.

Continental crust is inherently lighter and of a different composition to oceanic crust, but both kinds reside above a much deeper fluid mantle.

Moreover, their volatile composition means that as they repeatedly approach the Sun, radiation gradually boils the volatiles off until the comet splits or develops an insulating crust that prevents further outgassing.

The impact of bacteria on altering the chemical composition of basaltic glass ( and thus, the oceanic crust ) and seawater suggest that these interactions may lead to an application of hydrothermal vents to the origin of life.

In addition, the highly anorthositic composition of the lunar crust, as well as the existence of KREEP-rich samples, gave rise to the idea that a large portion of the Moon once was molten, and a giant impact scenario could easily have supplied the energy needed to form such a magma ocean.

The continental crust has an average composition similar to that of andesite.

The crust is distinguished from the upper mantle by the change in chemical composition that takes place at the Moho discontinuity.

The magma then rises through the crust, incorporating silica-rich crustal rock, leading to a final intermediate composition ( see Classification of igneous rock ).

One is that this composition might simply represent lower crustal materials that are somewhat more rich in iron, titanium and thorium than the upper crust.

The evidence for these processes comes from the highly anorthositic composition of the crust of the lunar highlands, as well as the presence of the rocks rich in KREEP.

The consensus of Earth and planetary scientists regards the chemical, i. e. rare-earth, isotopic, and bulk, composition, evidence as decisively demonstrating that tektites are derived from terrestrial crustal rock, i. e. sedimentary rocks, that are unlike any known lunar crust.

The average composition of the continental crust is andesitic.

According to Mohorovičić, a layered structure would explain the observation of depths where seismic waves change speed and the difference in chemical composition between rocks from the crust and those from the mantle.

This composition is continental in origin ( meaning it is the primary composition of the continental crust ).

This layer is sometimes called sial because there is more felsic, or granitic, bulk composition, which lies in contrast to the oceanic crust, called sima because of the mafic or basaltic rock.

He likewise discussed the permeability of rocks by water, and the effects of such infiltration in producing volcanic phenomena ; he dealt with the subject of metamorphism, with the deformations of the Earth's crust, with earthquakes, and with the composition and classification of meteorites.

Estimations of composition are based on analyses of ophiolites ( sections of oceanic crust that are preserved on the continents ), comparisons of the seismic structure of the oceanic crust with laboratory determinations of seismic velocities in known rock types, and samples recovered from the ocean floor by submersibles, dredging ( especially from ridge crests and fracture zones ) and drilling.

Going back over this ground and analyzing the composition of forces which have created the present scene is one of the tasks undertaken by the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, in Santa Barbara.

Just because a tree or other object appears in a certain spot is absolutely no reason to place it in the same position in the painting, unless the position serves the design of the whole composition.

`` Speed in painting a picture is valid only when it imparts spontaneity and crispness, but unless the artist has lots of experience so that he can control rapid execution, he would do well to take these first sketches and soberly reorder their design to achieve a unified composition.

he further reasoned that frequent formulas in epic verse indicate oral composition, and assumed the slightly less likely corollary that oral epic is inclined towards the use of formulas.

Even though the bondage of his verse is not so great as the writing poet can manage, it is still great enough for him often to be seriously impeded unless he has aids to facilitate rapid composition.

-- Glycerinated muscle, in the presence of the physiological agent ( ATP ) responsible for delivering energy to the mechanochemically active proteins of muscle, has been shown to undergo a contraction which is highly sensitive both to temperature and to solvent composition in mixtures of alcohols and water.

Thermal conductivity is directly traceable to the material's porous, air-cell construction which effectively traps air or a gas in the maze of minute bubbles which form its composition.

If the photographically realistic continuity of dreams, however bizarre their combinations, denies that it is purely a composition of the brain, it must be compounded from views of diverse realities, although some of them may never be encountered in what we are pleased to call the real life.

A part of the symphonic composition is also featured in As Good as It Gets, released in 1997.

Argon is notable in that its isotopic composition varies greatly between different locations in the solar system.

The effect of angst is achieved by Shostakovich, Mahler and Berg in compositions of wide dynamic range, at times seemingly spinning out of control ( Mahler ), and atonal music using the twelve-tone row method of composition ( Berg, Schoenberg and others ) to create an angst ridden atmosphere of grotesque sound.

The purpose of the composition is to allow complex dialogue scenes to be played out without changes in camera position.

* Closure: composition of two endomorphisms is another endomorphism.

* Associativity: composition of morphisms is always associative.

The composition is jammed by clashing colors, which is unlike what we've seen in the balanced, natural, and dramatic colors of the High Renaissance.

* If M is some set and S denotes the set of all functions from M to M, then the operation of functional composition on S is associative:

In short, composition of maps is always associative.

's No Lark ," and another composition, " Re: Person I Knew " is a tribute to his producer, Orrin Keepnews.

The composition of resins is highly variable ; each species produces a unique blend of chemicals which can be identified by the use of pyrolysis – gas chromatography – mass spectrometry.

The overall chemical and structural composition is used to divide ambers into five classes.

Its chemical composition makes it difficult to match the amber to its producers – it is most similar to the resins produced by flowering plants ; however, there are no flowering plant fossils until the Cretaceous, and they were not common until the Upper Cretaceous.

Amber is a unique preservational mode, preserving otherwise unfossilizable parts of organisms ; as such it is helpful in the reconstruction of ecosystems as well as organisms ; the chemical composition of the resin, however, is of limited utility in reconstructing the phylogenetic affinity of the resin producer.