Several modern approaches build on such continental European exemplars as Heidegger, and apply metaphysical results to the understanding of human psychology and the human condition generally ( notably in the Existentialist tradition ).

Some scholars make sharp distinctions between moral or ethical usage of the word Dao that is prominent in Confucianism and religious Daoism and the more metaphysical usage of the term used in philosophical Daoism and most forms of Mahayana Buddhism ; others maintain that these are not separate usages or meanings, seeing them as mutually inclusive and compatible approaches to defining the concept.

Intermediate between Nominalism and Realism, the conceptualist view approaches the metaphysical concept of universals from a perspective that denies their presence in particulars outside of the mind's perception of them.

This led to a general devaluation of philosophical and metaphysical approaches to the faith, although some thinkers, notably Paul Tillich, attempted a median course between strict transcendence and ontological analysis of the human condition, a stand that caused a further division in the movement.

Lord Chaos and Master Order next conspired with other metaphysical and " omnipotent " beings against the Beyonder.

Lord Chaos and Master Order participated in the congress of metaphysical and abstract beings to determine Thanos's fitness to wield the Infinity Gauntlet.

Lord Chaos is an abstract being who embodies the metaphysical concept of Chaos ; as such it has no physical form, although on occasion it has manifested as an image of a disembodied bald inhumanly warped and distorted male head.

It is known that, through some as yet unknown process, Lord Chaos and Master Order worked together to create the metaphysical being known as the In-Betweener.

Master Order and Lord Chaos next conspired with other metaphysical and " omnipotent " beings against the Beyonder.

Master Order and Lord Chaos participated in the congress of metaphysical and abstract beings to determine Thanos's fitness to wield the Infinity Gauntlet.

The world of Elric is dominated by the metaphysical principles of Law and Chaos, kept in check by the Cosmic Balance.

In the metaphysical or conceptual sense, balance is used to mean a point between two opposite forces that is desirable over purely one state or the other, such as a balance between the metaphysical Law and Chaos — law by itself being overly controlling, chaos being overly unmanageable, balance being the point that minimizes the negatives of both.

I think it must be said that, contrary to metaphysical insistence, these are questions so framed as to defy either empirical exploration or rational solutions.

In the face of this metaphysical reality, what must be the response of individuals?

We must first judge how human reason works, and within what limits, so that we can afterwards correctly apply it to sense experience and determine whether it can be applied at all to metaphysical objects.

In his 1925 essay " A Defence of Common Sense ", he argued against idealism and scepticism toward the external world on the grounds that they could not give reasons to accept their metaphysical premises that were more plausible than the reasons we have to accept the common sense claims about our knowledge of the world that sceptics and idealists must deny.

It is argued that if social constructionism is going to come to grips with morality and agency it must abandon explanations that invoke the necessary causation of metaphysical abstractions such as hedonism.

Unlike the positivists, he did not claim that metaphysical statements must be meaningless ; he also claimed that a statement which was " metaphysical " and unfalsifiable in one century ( like the ancient Greek philosophy about atoms ) could, in another century, be developed into falsifiable theories that have the metaphysical views as a consequence, and thus become scientific.

Some theorists argue that a metaphysical account of morality is necessary for the proper evaluation of actual moral theories and for making practical moral decisions ; others reason from opposite premises and suggest that we must impart ideas of moral intuition onto proper action before we can give a proper account of morality's metaphysics.

If the same concept is correctly and non-arbitrarily applied to two individuals, there must be some resemblance or shared property between the two individuals that justifies their falling under the same concept and that is just the metaphysical problem that universals were brought in to address, the starting-point of the whole problem ( MacLeod & Rubenstein, 2006, § 3d ).

Since bundle theory states that all concrete particulars are merely constructions or ' bundles ' of attributes, or qualitive properties, the substance theorist's indiscernibility argument claims that the ability to recognize numerically different concrete particulars, such as concrete objects, requires those particulars to have discernible qualitative differences in their attributes and that the metaphysical realist who is also a bundle theorist must therefore concede to the existence of ' discernible ( numerically different ) concrete particulars ', the ' identity of indiscernibles ', and a ' principle of constituent identity '.

Unlike Existentialism, which posits " being " as the fundamental reality, the essentialist ontology must be approached from a metaphysical perspective.

He held strongly that questiions of ethics and politics must be regarded from a metaphysical point of view.

Douglas emphasized that all policy derives from its respective philosophy and that “... Society is primarily metaphysical, and must have regard to the organic relationships of its prototype .”

But the theory must, as a metaphysical theory, be reckoned on the idealist side.

Indeed, just because dynamical variables are " real " and not " unreal " in the metaphysical sense does not mean that they must correspond to real numbers in the mathematical sense.

Plato and Goethe stand for the philosophy of Becoming, Aristotle and Kant the philosophy of Being ... Goethe's notes and verse .. must be regarded as the expression of a perfectly definite metaphysical doctrine.

His time must be spent in reading the metaphysical treatises of the Veda, in performing acts of worship, and in undergoing various kinds of austerities, with a view to mortifying his passions and producing in his mind an entire indifference to worldly objects.

Wallace did not reject fatalism per se, as he wrote in his closing passage, " if Taylor and the fatalists want to force upon us a metaphysical conclusion, they must do metaphysics, not semantics.

Two general principles underlie the Formalist study of literature: first, literature itself, or rather, those of its features that distinguish it from other human activities, must constitute the object of inquiry of literary theory ; second, " literary facts " have to be prioritized over the metaphysical commitments of literary criticism, whether philosophical, aesthetic or psychological ( Steiner, " Russian Formalism " 16 ).

Chalmers states ; " From the conceivability of zombies, proponents of the argument infer their metaphysical possibility " and argues that this inference, while not generally legitimate, is legitimate for phenomenal concepts such as consciousness since we must adhere to " Kripke's insight that for phenomenal concepts, there is no gap between reference-fixers and reference ( or between primary and secondary intentions ).

He took caution in insisting that older, metaphysical conceptions of faculties must be guarded against, and that the scientist's tasks of classification and explanation must be kept distinct:

Archbishop Bartolomeu Anania explained the name by saying that a nation is not just a " socio-historical reality ", but also a " metaphysical, religious and theological reality " and that salvation must be obtained collectively, by the whole nation.

Nevertheless, Buddhist scholars have addressed ontological and metaphysical issues subsequently.

Kant, by contrast, pushed the employment of a priori metaphysical claims as requisite, for if anything is to be said to be knowable, it would have to be established upon abstractions distinct from perceivable phenomena.

Without direct impressions of a metaphysical " self ", he concluded that humans have no actual conception of the self, only of a bundle of sensations associated with the self.

Charles Baudelaire, in the later, " metaphysical " phase of dandyism defined the dandy as one who elevates æsthetics to a living religion, that the dandy's mere existence reproaches the responsible citizen of the middle class: " Dandyism in certain respects comes close to spirituality and to stoicism " and " These beings have no other status, but that of cultivating the idea of beauty in their own persons, of satisfying their passions, of feeling and thinking ....

People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be " on the Green Ray ".

People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be " on the Indigo Ray ".

Bradley attempted to explain reality by postulating metaphysical entities that did not have any empirical basis.

Since the beginning of modern philosophy during the seventeenth century, problems that were not originally considered within the bounds of metaphysics have been added to its purview, while other problems considered metaphysical for centuries are now typically subjects of their own separate regions in philosophy, such as philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, philosophy of perception, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science.

In some cases, subjects of metaphysical scholarship have been found to be entirely physical and natural, thus making them part of science proper ( cf.

Even the use of words like " the people ," " democracy ," and " equality " in public debate bothered him, for such words were " metaphysical abstractions that either have no meaning, or at least none that mere mortals can comprehend.

Its central precepts have been described as " drawing on both Eastern and Western spiritual and metaphysical traditions and infusing them with influences from self-help and motivational psychology, holistic health, parapsychology, consciousness research and quantum physics ".

Objectivism's central tenets are that reality exists independent of consciousness, that human beings have direct contact with reality through sense perception, that one can attain objective knowledge from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive logic, that the proper moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness ( or rational self-interest ), that the only social system consistent with this morality is full respect for individual rights embodied in laissez-faire capitalism, and that the role of art in human life is to transform humans ' metaphysical ideas by selective reproduction of reality into a physical form — a work of art — that one can comprehend and to which one can respond emotionally.

Peirce begins with the observation that " Berkeley's metaphysical theories have at first sight an air of paradox and levity very unbecoming to a bishop ".

In this elaboration of Intellect as a whole, Proclus is attempting to give a hierarchical ordering to the various metaphysical elements and principles that other philosophers have discussed, by containing them within a single triadic logic of unfolding.

According to Wittgenstein's logical-atomistic metaphysical system, objects each have a " nature ," which is their capacity to combine with other objects.

It should be observed that the universal perfection to which evil in some form is necessary, is the perfection of this universe, not of any universe: metaphysical evil, that is to say, and indirectly, moral evil as well, is included in the design of the universe which is partially known to us ; but we cannot say without denying the Divine omnipotence, that another equally perfect universe could not be created in which evil would have no place.

Heidegger claimed to have revived the question of being, the question having been largely forgotten by the metaphysical tradition extending from Plato to Descartes, a forgetfulness extending to the Age of Enlightenment and then to modern science and technology.

People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be " on the Violet Ray ".

His metaphysical writings have inspired centuries of Pagan, Christian, Jewish, Islamic and Gnostic metaphysicians and mystics.

Questions regarding why the universe behaves in such a way have been described by physicists and cosmologists as being extra-scientific ( i. e., metaphysical ), though speculations are made from a variety of perspectives that include extrapolation of scientific theories to untested regimes ( i. e., at Planck scales ), and philosophical or religious ideas.