* 1126 – Averroes Arab Spanish physician, philosopher and polymath ( d. 1198 )

* 1198 – Averroes, Cordoban philosopher and polymath ( b. 1126 )

* December 11 – Averroes, Arab philosopher and physician ( b. 1126 )

(), better known just as Ibn Rushd (), and in European literature as Averroes (; April 14, 1126 – December 10, 1198 ), was an Andalusian Muslim polymath ; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics.

Averroes ( 1126 – 1198 ), who spent much of his life in Cordoba and Seville, was especially distinguished as a commentator of Aristotle.

They were studied by Islamic and Jewish scholars, including Rabbi Moses Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 ) and the Muslim Judge Ibn Rushd, known in the West as Averroes ( 1126 – 1198 ); both were originally from Cordoba, Spain, although the former left Iberia and by 1168 lived in Egypt.

During the era of relative religious tolerance that followed, writers such as the Jewish theologian Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 ) or the Muslim polymath ( 1126 – 1198 ) Averroes penned works of theology, science, philosophy, and mathematics that would have lasting impacts on Hebrew and Muslim philosophy and prove essential to the flowering of the European Renaissance centuries later.

Imaginary debate between Averroes ( 1126 – 1198CE ) and Porphyry ( 234 – c. 305CE ).

* Averroes ( 1126 – 1198 ), an Andalusian-Arab philosopher, physician, and polymath

Michael Scot ( c. 1175 – 1232 ) translated Averroes ' commentaries on the scientific works of Aristotle.

* In the Footsteps of Averroes – The Reformist Islamic Thinker Muhammad Shahrur by Loay Mudhoon – Qantara

1150 – Averroes suggested the existence of Parkinson's disease.

* 1128 – 1198 Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ) Philosophy, Law, Medicine, Astronomy, Theology.

Anatoli, in fact, was the first man to translate the commentaries of Averroes into Hebrew, thus opening a new era in the history of Aristotelian philosophy.

( 2 ) A Compendium of Astronomy, by Averroes, a book which was unknown to the Christians of the Middle Ages, and of which neither a manuscript of the original nor a Latin translation has come down.

The teleological argument was presented by the early Islamic philosophers, Alkindus and Averroes ( founder of Averroism ), while Avicenna ( founder of the Avicennism school of Islamic philosophy ) presented both the cosmological argument and ontological argument in The Book of Healing ( 1027 ).

However, in the Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam: al-Kindi ( Alkindus ), al-Farabi ( Abunaser ), İbn Sina ( Avicenna ), Ibn Bajjah ( Avempace ), Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ), and Ibn Khaldun.

Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been preserved by the Muslims, along with the commentaries of Averroes.

The Arabs lost sight of Aristotle's political science but continued to study Plato's Republic which became the basic text of Judeo-Islamic political philosophy as in the works of Alfarabi and Averroes ; this did not happen in the Christian world, where Aristotle's Politics was translated in the 13th century and became the basic text as in the works of Saint Thomas Aquinas.

Sunspot activity in 1129 was described by John of Worcester, and Averroes provided a description of sunspots later in the 12th century ; however, these observations were also misinterpreted as planetary transits, until Galileo gave the correct explanation in 1612.

The terms " comedy " and " satire " became synonymous after Aristotle's Poetics was translated into Arabic in the medieval Islamic world, where it was elaborated upon by Arabic writers and Islamic philosophers such as Abu Bischr, his pupil Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes.

Aquinas showed how it was possible to incorporate much of the philosophy of Aristotle without falling into the " errors " of the Commentator Averroes.

Averroes later reported how it was also Ibn Tufail that inspired him to write his famous commentaries on Aristotle:

However, while the thought of his mentors Ibn Tufail and Ibn Bajjah were mystic to an extent, the thought of Averroes was purely rationalist.

In 1160, Averroes was made Qadi ( judge ) of Seville and he served in many court appointments in Seville, Cordoba, and Morocco during his career.

Sometimes during the reign of Yaqub al-Mansur, Averroes ' political career was abruptly ended and he faced severe criticism from the Fuqaha ( Islamic jurists ) of the time.

Averroes was not reinstated until shortly before his death in the year 1198 AD.

Averroes ' rebuttal was two-pronged: he contended both that al-Ghazali's arguments were mistaken and that, in any case, the system of Avicenna was a distortion of genuine Aristotelianism so that al-Ghazali was aiming at the wrong target.

Averroes rejected Avicenna's Neoplatonism which was partly based on the works of neo-Platonic philosophers, Plotinus and Proclus, that were mistakenly attributed to Aristotle.

Averroes ' rebuttal was two-pronged: he contended both that al-Ghazali's arguments were mistaken and that, in any case, the system of Avicenna was a distortion of genuine Aristotelianism so that al-Ghazali was aiming at the wrong target.

* The asteroid 8318 Averroes was named in his honor.

The opposite idea of " Existence precedes essence " was thus developed in the works of Averroes and Mulla Sadra as a reaction to this idea and is a key foundational concept of existentialism.

Averroes devoted the last 30 years to his philosophical writings.

In the Islamic world, the works of Aristotle were translated into Arabic, and under philosophers such as Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, Aristotelianism became a major part of early Islamic philosophy.

Among Sephardi and Italian Jews from the fifteenth century on, some authorities sought to apply the methods of Aristotelian logic, as reformulated by Averroes.

Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) introduced teleological arguments into his interpretations of Aristotle from an Islamic perspective in Moorish Spain in the latter half of the 12th Century.

14th-century depiction of Averroes ( detail from Triunfo de Santo Tomás by Andrea da Firenze ), who addressed the omnipotence paradox in the 12th century

Jacob Anatoli translated several of the works of Averroes from Arabic into Hebrew in the 13th century.

Criticizing al-Farabi's attempt to merge Plato and Aristotle's ideas, Averroes argued that Aristotle's philosophy diverged in significant ways from Plato's.

Averroes wrote commentaries on most of the surviving works of Aristotle working from Arabic translations.

* Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann, Sketch of a Cosmic Theory of the Soul from Aristotle to Averroes, in: Variantology 4.

* php % 3Ftitle = 77 & Itemid = 28 The Philosophy and Theology of Averroes: Tractata translated from the Arabic, trans.

By the 12th century, Aristotle's works began being translated into Latin during the Latin translations of the 12th century, and gradually arose Scholastic philosophy under such names as Thomas Aquinas, which took its tone and complexion from the writings of Aristotle, the commentaries of Averroes, and The Book of Healing of Avicenna.

Text 71 of Averroes ' commentary on Aristotle's Physics contains a discussion on Avempace's theory of motion, as well as the following quotation from the seventh book of Ibn Bajjah's lost work on physics:

The earliest recorded examples of a vernacular Romance-based literature date from the same time and location, the rich mix of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian cultures in Muslim Spain, in which Maimonides, Averroes, and others worked.

Further solutions to the existence of God have been proposed by St. Anselm, who formulated the first ontological argument ; Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ) and Aquinas, who presented their own versions of the cosmological argument ( the kalam argument and the first way ), respectively ; Descartes, who said that the existence of a benevolent God was logically necessary for the evidence of the senses to be meaningful ; and Immanuel Kant, who argued that the existence of God can be deduced from the existence of good.

The difference between Thomism and Scotism could be expressed by saying that, while both derive from Arabic Neoplatonized Aristotelianism, Thomism is closer to the orthodox Aristotelianism of Maimonides, Averroes and Avicenna, while Scotism reflects the Platonizing tendency going back through Avicebron, the Brethren of Purity, the Liber de Causis and Proclus to Plotinus.