* 1126 – Averroes Arab Spanish physician, philosopher and polymath ( d. 1198 )

* 1198 – Averroes, Cordoban philosopher and polymath ( b. 1126 )

* December 11 – Averroes, Arab philosopher and physician ( b. 1126 )

(), better known just as Ibn Rushd (), and in European literature as Averroes (; April 14, 1126 – December 10, 1198 ), was an Andalusian Muslim polymath ; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics.

Averroes ( 1126 – 98 ) was the last major logician from al-Andalus, who wrote the most elaborate commentaries on Aristotelian logic.

They were studied by Islamic and Jewish scholars, including Rabbi Moses Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 ) and the Muslim Judge Ibn Rushd, known in the West as Averroes ( 1126 – 1198 ); both were originally from Cordoba, Spain, although the former left Iberia and by 1168 lived in Egypt.

During the era of relative religious tolerance that followed, writers such as the Jewish theologian Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 ) or the Muslim polymath ( 1126 – 1198 ) Averroes penned works of theology, science, philosophy, and mathematics that would have lasting impacts on Hebrew and Muslim philosophy and prove essential to the flowering of the European Renaissance centuries later.

Imaginary debate between Averroes ( 1126 – 1198CE ) and Porphyry ( 234 – c. 305CE ).

* Averroes ( 1126 – 1198 ), an Andalusian-Arab philosopher, physician, and polymath

Michael Scot ( c. 1175 – 1232 ) translated Averroes ' commentaries on the scientific works of Aristotle.

* In the Footsteps of Averroes – The Reformist Islamic Thinker Muhammad Shahrur by Loay Mudhoon – Qantara

1150 – Averroes suggested the existence of Parkinson's disease.

* 1128 – 1198 Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ) Philosophy, Law, Medicine, Astronomy, Theology.

Averroes was not reinstated until shortly before his death in the year 1198 AD.

This period begins with al-Kindi and ends with Averroes ( d. 1198 ).

Islamic philosophers such as Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ), Al-Farabi ( Alpharabius ), and Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) reinterpreted Greek thought in the context of their religion.

The teleological argument was presented by the early Islamic philosophers, Alkindus and Averroes ( founder of Averroism ), while Avicenna ( founder of the Avicennism school of Islamic philosophy ) presented both the cosmological argument and ontological argument in The Book of Healing ( 1027 ).

Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ), in his treatise on Justice and Jihad and his commentary on Plato's Republic, writes that the human mind can know of the unlawfulness of killing and stealing and thus of the five maqasid or higher intents of the Islamic sharia or to protect religion, life, property, offspring, and reason.

However, in the Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam: al-Kindi ( Alkindus ), al-Farabi ( Abunaser ), İbn Sina ( Avicenna ), Ibn Bajjah ( Avempace ), Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ), and Ibn Khaldun.

14th-century depiction of Averroes ( detail from Triunfo de Santo Tomás by Andrea da Firenze ), who addressed the omnipotence paradox in the 12th century

Averroes also studied the works and philosophy of Ibn Bajjah (" Avempace " to the West ), another famous Islamic philosopher who greatly influenced his own Averroist thought.

Averroes wrote a medical encyclopedia called Kulliyat (" Generalities ", i. e. general medicine ), known in its Latin translation as Colliget.

Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ), Ibn Bajjah ( Avempace ) and Thomas Aquinas developed the theory of inertia in the celestial spheres, while Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) and Jean Buridan developed the theory of impetus in the celestial spheres.

Thanks to Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ), Spain became a center of philosophical learning as is reflected by the explosion of philosophical inquiry among Jews, Muslims and Christians.

Besides the great universities, which taught philosophies and sciences yet unknown in Christendom ( such as those of Averroes ), the territory was an equally vital center for art.

Islamic philosophers such as Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ), Al-Farabi ( Alpharabius ), Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) and Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) reinterpreted Greek philosophies in the context of their religion.

From the 9th century onwards, owing to Caliph al-Ma ' mun and his successor, Greek philosophy and Hellenistic philosophy were introduced among the Persians and Arabs, and the Peripatetic and Neoplatonic schools began to find able representatives among them ; such were al-Kindi, al-Farabi, Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ), and Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ), all of whose fundamental principles were considered as criticized by the Mutakallamin.

The influence of this reaction brought forth the two greatest philosophers that the Islamic Peripatetic school ever produced, namely, Ibn Bajjah ( Avempace ) and Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ), both of whom undertook the defense of philosophy.

Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ), the founder of Averroism.

However, in the Western thought, it is generally known that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam: al-Kindi ( Alkindus ), al-Farabi ( Alfarabi ), İbn Sina ( Avicenna ), Ibn Bajjah ( Avempace ), Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ), and Ibn Khaldun.

Averroes, Avicenna and Alpharabius, who wrote on Aristotle in great depth, also influenced Thomas Aquinas and other Western Christian scholastic philosophers.

Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been preserved by the Muslims, along with the commentaries of Averroes.

Averroes's strictly rationalist views collided with the more orthodox views of Abu Yusuf Ya ' qub al-Mansur, who therefore eventually banished Averroes, though he had previously appointed him as his personal physician.

Unlike the European scholars who came after him, Averroes argued that rhetoric and poetics were both part of Aristotle's work on logical thought.

Preeminent among Islamic philosophers who were influenced by Aristotelian theology are Avicenna and Averroes.

There had been earlier Aristotelian influences within Christianity ( notably Anselm ), but Aquinas ( who, incidentally, found his Aristotelian influence via Avicenna, Averroes, and Maimonides ) incorporated extensive Aristotelian ideas throughout his own theology.

Many copies of Aristotle in Latin then in circulation were assumed to have been influenced by Averroes, who was suspected of being a source of philosophical and theological errors found in the earlier translations of Aristotle.

Authors who wrote on mental disorders and / or proposed treatments during this period include Al-Balkhi, Al-Razi, Al-Farabi, Ibn-Sina, Al-Majusi Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Averroes, and Unhammad

Further solutions to the existence of God have been proposed by St. Anselm, who formulated the first ontological argument ; Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ) and Aquinas, who presented their own versions of the cosmological argument ( the kalam argument and the first way ), respectively ; Descartes, who said that the existence of a benevolent God was logically necessary for the evidence of the senses to be meaningful ; and Immanuel Kant, who argued that the existence of God can be deduced from the existence of good.

This was the program of Jewish rationalist philosophers such as Saadia Gaon, Maimonides ( who was influenced by Ibn Sina aka Avicenna ), and Gersonides ( who was influenced by Ibn Roshd, aka Averroes ).

The genus was named after Abū ' l-Walīd Muḥammad bin Aḥmad bin Rushd ( better known just as Ibn Rushd ), who was called Averroes in European Literature-a famous Arabian physician, astronomer and philosopher of the 12th century.

The similarities of his ideas with those of al-Ghazali suggest that Nicholas was familiar with the work of al-Ghazali, who was known as " Algazel " in Europe, either directly or indirectly through Averroes.