Avicenna also gave psychological explanations for certain somatic illnesses, and he always linked the physical and psychological illnesses together.

Persian physician and philosopher, Avicenna, gave such inquiries a more formal structure.

The medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas, perhaps following the Islamic philosopher Avicenna, argued that God is pure being, and that in God essence and existence are the same.

Jean Buridan, following in the footsteps of John Philoponus and Avicenna, proposed that motion was maintained by some property of the body, imparted when it was set in motion.

Matthaeus Silvaticus, Avicenna, Galen, Dioscorides, Platearius and Serapio, inspired the appearance of three main works printed in Mainz: In 1484 The Herbarius, the following year The Gart der Gesundheit, and in 1491 the Ortus Sanistatus.

The Persian philosopher, Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ), once wrote the following response to opponents of the law of noncontradiction:

While also refining Galen's erroneous theory of the pulse, Avicenna provided the first correct explanation of pulsation: " Every beat of the pulse comprises two movements and two pauses.

Avicenna also " described diabetes insipidus very precisely for the first time ", though it was later Johann Peter Frank ( 1745 – 1821 ) who first differentiated between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.

For Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ), for example, the a tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through " empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts " developed through a " syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts.

Islamic Scholar Ibn Sina ( Avicenna, 981 – 1037 ) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern Geology, which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science.

Ibn Sina ( 980 – 1037 ), known by the Latin name Avicenna, was a medical researcher from Bukhara, Uzbekistan responsible for important contributions to the disciplines of physics, optics, philosophy and medicine.

Avicenna suggests, in remarkable similarity with Robert Burton, many causes for melancholy, including the fear of death, intrigues surrounding one's life, and lost love.

Many of these early polymaths were also religious priests and theologians: for example, Alhazen and al-Biruni were mutakallimiin ; the physician Avicenna was a hafiz ; the physician Ibn al-Nafis was a hafiz, muhaddith and ulema ; the botanist Otto Brunfels was a theologian and historian of Protestantism ; the astronomer and physician Nicolaus Copernicus was a priest.

The writings of Avicenna, Ibn Tufail and Aquinas on the tabula rasa theory stood unprogressed for several centuries.

Avicenna, in his famous book The Canon of Medicine, mentioned several beneficial medicinal uses for vinegar, claiming that it was a powerful clotting agent, healed burns and skin inflammations, and it relieved headaches caused by heat.

* 1025 – Avicenna of Persia publishes his influential treatise, The Canon of Medicine, which remains the most influential medical text in both Islamic and Christian lands for over six centuries, and The Book of Healing, a scientific encyclopedia.

He is known to have studied Euclid and to have translated the work of Al Battani and Avicenna, and it seems that he would not have made the translation for which he is famous, that of the Qur ' an, without the encouragement of the French Abbot Peter the Venerable, who wished to have access to Islamic texts.

Many sources have testified that he taught for decades the philosophy of Avicenna in Nishapur where Khayyám was born and buried and where his mausoleum today remains a masterpiece of Iranian architecture visited by many people every year.

Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of " How does one acquire the first principles of a science?

" Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction ( istiqra ), and the method of examination and experimentation ( tajriba ).

In disease pathogenesis, for example, Avicenna " added his own view of different types of spirits ( or vital life essences ) and souls, whose disturbances might lead to bodily diseases because of a close association between them and such master organs as the brain and heart An element of such belief is apparent in the chapter of al-Lawa " ( see Cardiology section ), which relates " the manifestations to an interruption of vital life essence to the brain.

Though his own textbook was a major influence in medicine for many years, Osler described Avicenna as the ' author of the most famous medical textbook ever written.

His work, aimed at synthesis of philosophy and Sufism, paved the way for the work of Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ).

Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) is considered the father of modern medicine, for his introduction of experimental medicine and clinical trials, the experimental use and testing of drugs, and a precise guide for practical experimentation in the process of discovering and proving the effectiveness of medical substances, in his medical encyclopedia, The Canon of Medicine ( 11th century ), which was the first book dealing with experimental medicine.

An ontological argument for the existence of God was first proposed by Avicenna ( 965-1037 ) in the Metaphysics section of The Book of Healing which is known as Contingency and necessity argument ( Imakan wa Wujub ).

" Another argument Avicenna presented for God's existence was the problem of the mind-body dichotomy.

According to Avicenna, the universe consists of a chain of actual beings, each giving existence to the one below it and responsible for the existence of the rest of the chain below.

As well as translating many important texts, much of what was to become standard Arabic philosophical vocabulary originated with al-Kindi ; indeed, if it had not been for him, the work of philosophers like Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and al-Ghazali might not have been possible.

Toulmin and Goodfield ( 1965 ), commented on Avicenna's contribution: " Around A. D. 1000, Avicenna was already suggesting a hypothesis about the origin of mountain ranges, which in the Christian world, would still have been considered quite radical eight hundred years later ".

The time of origin is thus dated at circa 1025 AD, when Avicenna wrote The Canon of Medicine in Persia.

In 1027, the Persian Avicenna explained how the stoniness of fossils was caused in The Book of Healing.

* 1027 — The Persian naturalist, Avicenna, explains the stoniness of fossils in The Book of Healing by proposing the theory of petrifying fluids ( succus lapidificatus ).

In his book The Physician ( 1988 ) Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to learn from Avicenna, the great master of his time.

** This is a distinguished work which stands out from, and above, many of the books and articles which have ben written in this century on Avicenna ( Ibn Sīnā ) ( A. D. 980 – 1037 ).

A drawing of Avicenna | Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) from 1271

In the 11th century, Avicenna theorized that there were a number of feeling senses including touch, pain and titillation, but prior to the scientific Renaissance in Europe pain was not well-understood, and it was thought that pain originated outside the body, perhaps as a punishment from God .< ref name = Meldrum > Meldrum, Marcia.

First described by the Persian physician Avicenna, this vein derives its name from the word safina, meaning " hidden ".

The Persian chemist Ibn Sina ( also known as Avicenna ) introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of distillation, the procedure most commonly used today.

The Book of Healing ( Arabic: کتاب الشفاء Kitab Al-Shifaʾ, Latin: Sufficientia ) is a scientific and philosophical encyclopedia written by Abū Alī ibn Sīnā ( Avicenna ) from Asfahana, near Bukhara in Greater Persia.

The theories of Ibn Rushd do not differ fundamentally from those of Ibn Bajjah and Ibn Tufail, who only follow the teachings of Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) and Al-Farabi.

Avicenna generally supported Aristotle's idea of the soul originating from the heart, whereas Ibn al-Nafis on the other hand rejected this idea and instead argued that the soul " is related to the entirety and not to one or a few organs.

His outlook in the Speculum, a work written very late in his life, probably in 1215, and perhaps drawing heavily on his teaching notes from the past decades, combines an interest in the platonic writings of earlier twelfth-century thinkers such as Thierry of Chartres and William of Conches, with an early appreciation of the newly translated writings of Aristotle and Avicenna.

Before 1542 the works principally used by apothecaries were the treatises on simples by Avicenna and Serapion ; the De synonymis and Quid pro quo of Simon Januensis ; the Liber servitoris of Bulchasim Ben Aberazerim, which described the preparations made from plants, animals and minerals, and was the type of the chemical portion of modern pharmacopoeias ; and the Antidotarium of Nicolaus de Salerno, containing Galenic formulations arranged alphabetically.

By the 12th century, Aristotle's works began being translated into Latin during the Latin translations of the 12th century, and gradually arose Scholastic philosophy under such names as Thomas Aquinas, which took its tone and complexion from the writings of Aristotle, the commentaries of Averroes, and The Book of Healing of Avicenna.

With their roots stemming from the city of Balkh ( then, part of Greater Khorasan ) the Samanids promoted the arts, giving rise to the advancement of science and literature, and thus attracted scholars such as Rudaki and Avicenna.

In essence, Avicenna did not refute the essential dogma of astrology, but denied our ability to understand it to the extent that precise and fatalistic predictions could be made from it.

Arising out of the peripatetic philosophy as developed by Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ), Suhrawardi's illuminationist philosophy is critical of several of his positions and radically departs from him in the creation of a symbolic language ( mainly derived from ancient Iranian culture or Farhang-e Khosravani ) to give expression to his wisdom ( hikma ).

A number of Neoplatonic philosophers, familiar from earlier cantos but with the addition of Avicenna, are listed as representing a fine thread of light in these Dark Ages.

The difference between Thomism and Scotism could be expressed by saying that, while both derive from Arabic Neoplatonized Aristotelianism, Thomism is closer to the orthodox Aristotelianism of Maimonides, Averroes and Avicenna, while Scotism reflects the Platonizing tendency going back through Avicebron, the Brethren of Purity, the Liber de Causis and Proclus to Plotinus.

Avicenna ( 980 – 1037 ) in the Islamic East and Thomas Aquinas ( 1225 – 1274 ) in the Christian West drew from Aristotle a personalistic interpretation and thereby preserved the peculiar genius of Eastern and Western culture.

Most notable was Avicenna, whose paternal family hailed from Balkh.