BCE and the so called " proto-neolithic " is now included in the PPNA between 10200-8800 cal.

Agriculture is first attested with the Pre-Pottery A and Pre-Pottery B cultures, which developed out of the earlier Epipaleolithic Natufian culture of the region. In the following period the Yarmukian ( c. 8500 – 4300 BCE ), Jericho IX ( Lodian ) and others developed out of the Munhata, culture, which seem to have developed from a fusion of the Harifian and Pre-Pottery B ..

Archaeologists have unearthed the remains of more than 20 successive settlements in Jericho, the first of which dates back 11, 000 years ( 9000 BCE ), almost to the very beginning of the Holocene epoch of the Earth's history.

Jericho is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with evidence of settlement dating back to 9000 BCE.

According to carbon dating the Canaanite city ( Jericho City IV ) was destroyed between 1617 and 1530 BCE, but rounded as c. 1550 BCE.

In the 8th century BCE the Assyrians invaded from the north, followed by the Babylonians, and Jericho was depopulated between 586 and 538 BCE, the period of the Jewish exile to Babylon.

Jericho went from being an administrative centre of Yehud Medinata under Persian rule to serving as the private estate of Alexander the Great between 336 and 323 BCE after his conquest of the region.

In the middle of the 2nd century BCE Jericho was under Hellenistic rule of the Seleucid Empire, when the Syrian General Bacchides built a number of forts to strengthen the defences of the area around Jericho against the revolt by the Macabees.

After their joint suicide in 30 BCE, Octavian assumed control of the Roman Empire and granted Herod free rein over Jericho, as part of the new Herodian domain.

The rock-cut tombs of a Herodian and Hasmonean era cemetery lie in the lowest part of the cliffs between Nuseib al-Aweishireh and Jebel Quruntul in Jericho and were used between 100 BCE and 68 CE.

BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant ( Jericho, Palestine ).

7 Nisan – ( 1273 BCE ) – Spies in Jericho

28 Nisan – ( 1273 BCE ) – Conquest of Jericho

A synagogue dating from between 75 and 50 BCE has been uncovered at a Hasmonean-era winter palace near Jericho.

Herod (, Hordos, Greek:, Hērōdēs ), also known as Herod the Great ( born 73 or 74 BCE, died 4 BCE in Jericho ), was a Roman client king of Judea.

* 57 – 55 BCE: Aulus Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, split the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts of legal and religious councils known as sanhedrin based at Jerusalem, Sepphoris ( Galilee ), Jericho, Amathus ( Perea ) and Gadara.

In addition, digs in the 1930s had failed to find traces of the simultaneous destruction of Canaanite cities c. 1400 BCE — in fact many of them, including Jericho, the first Canaanite city to fall to the Israelites according to the Book of Joshua, were uninhabited at the time.

The evidence which led to the abandonment of Albright's theory include: the collar-rimmed jars have been recognised as an indigenous form originating in lowland Canaanite cities centuries earlier ; while some " Joshua " cities, including Hazor, Lachish, Megiddo and others, have destruction and transition layers around 1250-1145 BCE, others, including Jericho, have no destruction layers or were uninhabited during this period ; and the Merneptah Stele indicates that a people called " Israel " were already known in Canaan by the reign of Merneptah ( 1213-1203 BCE ).

* Kanada ( c. 600 BCE ), founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika, gave theory of atomism

* Gautama Buddha ( 563 BCE-483 BCE ), founder of Buddhist school of thought

* Pāṇini ( 520 – 460 BCE ), grammarian, author of Ashtadhyayi

* Kapila ( c. 500 BCE ), proponent of the Samkhya system of philosophy

* Pingala ( c. 500 BCE ), author of the Chandas shastra

* Chanakya ( c. 350-c. 275 BCE ), author of Arthashastra, professor ( acharya ) of political science at the Takshashila University

* Patañjali ( c. 200 BCE ), developed the philosophy of Raja Yoga in his Yoga Sutras.

* Bādarāyaņa ( c. 200 BCE ), author of Brahma Sutras, expounding Advaita Vedanta.

1st century BCE ), shows how the distance to the Sun can be computed geometrically, using the different lengths of the noontime shadows observed at three places 1000 li apart and the assumption that the Earth is flat.

200 BCE ), and Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus ( through an epitome by Justin ).

The temple seems to have been burnt again during the Third Sacred War ( 355 – 346 BCE ), and was in a very dilapidated state when seen by Pausanias in the 2nd century CE, though some restoration, as well as the building of a new temple, was undertaken by Emperor Hadrian.

The earliest reference to the idea of non-violence to animals ( pashu-ahimsa ), apparently in a moral sense, is in the Kapisthala Katha Samhita of the Yajurveda ( KapS 31. 11 ), which may have been written in about the 8th century BCE.

* Ay ( reigned c. 1323 – 1319 or 1327 – 1323 BCE ), a pharaoh of ancient Egypt

And there are several non-biblical historically and archaeologically attested details that can only be found in Chronicles, including the account of the Egyptian Shistak's campaign in the late 10th century BCE ( 2 Chronicles 12: 2 – 4 ), and Hezekiah's preparing and safeguarding Jerusalem's water supply prior to the Assyrian attack in the late 8th century BCE ( 2 Chronicles 32: 2-4 ).

The first, termed Proto-Isaiah ( chapters 1 – 39 ), contains the words of the 8th-century BCE prophet with 7th-century BCE expansions ; the second, Deutero-Isaiah ( chapters 40 – 55 ), is the work of a 6th-century BCE author writing near the end of the Babylonian captivity ; and the third, the poetic Trito-Isaiah ( chapters 56 – 66 ), was composed in Jerusalem shortly after the return from exile, probably by multiple authors.

The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic.

This is a euphemism replacing an earlier ' Inhospitable Sea ', Pontos Axeinos, first attested in Pindar ( early fifth century BCE ,~ 475 BC ).

The earliest parts of the book are possibly chapters 2 – 11, the story of the conquest ; more certain is that this section was then incorporated into an early form of Joshua that was part of then original Deuteronomistic history, written late in the reign of king Josiah ( reigned 640 – 609 BCE ); it seems clear that the book was not completed until after the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians in 586, and possibly not until after the return from the Babylonian exile late in the 6th century.

The book has a long and complex history, but its final form is probably due to a Priestly redaction ( i. e., editing ) of a Yahwistic original text some time in the early Persian period ( 5th century BCE ).

Noth maintained that the history was written in the early Exilic period ( 6th century BCE ) in order to demonstrate how Israel's history was worked out in accordance with the theology expressed in the book of Deuteronomy ( which thus provides the name " Deuteronomistic ").

The Greek additions to Esther ( which do not appear in the Jewish / Hebrew ; see " Additions to Esther " below ) are dated to around the late 2nd century or early 1st BCE.

Malachi was apparently known to the author of Ecclesiasticus early in the 2nd century BCE.

In a form improved from naturally occurring types, they were grown in Thailand since the early seventh millennium BCE, predating ceramics.

Carbon 14 dating of a cave at Laang Spean in northwest Cambodia reveals people who made pots were living in Cambodia as early as 4200 BCE ( Before the Common Era ).

Buddhism is a religion, a practical philosophy, and arguably a psychology, focusing on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, who lived on the Indian subcontinent most likely from the mid-6th to the early 5th century BCE.

Plato, for instance writes that " So it is with air: there is the brightest variety which we call aether, the muddiest which we call mist and darkness, and other kinds for which we have no name ...." Among the early Greek Pre-Socratic philosophers, Anaximenes ( mid-6th century BCE ) named air as the arche.

Censuses in Egypt are said to have been taken during the early Pharaonic period in 3340 BCE and in 3056 BCE.

The antlered human figure has been dated as early as the 7th century BCE or as late as the 4th.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the ancient settlement of Qumran, about a mile inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea ( presently in the West Bank ).

1 Esdras, probably from the late 2nd / early 1st centuries BCE, preserves a Greek text of Ezra and a part of Nehemiah distinctly different from that of Ezra-Nehemiah-in particular it eliminates Nehemiah from the story and gives some of his deeds to Ezra, as well as telling events in a different order.

The early 2nd century BCE Jewish author Ben Sira praises Nehemiah, but makes no mention of Ezra.

First activities were linked to irrigation and flood control, as demonstrated by traces of dykes, dams, and canals dating back to at least 2000 BCE that were found in ancient Egypt, ancient Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent, as well as around the early settlements of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa in the Indus valley.

Another early mentioning of the name, this time by Poseidonios ( writing around 80 BCE ), is also dubious, as it only survives in a quotation by Athenaios ( writing around 190 CE ); the mention of Germani in this context was more likely inserted by Athenaios rather than by Poseidonios himself.

It has been claimed, for example by Maurits Gysseling, that the placenames of this region show evidence of an early presence of Germanic languages, already in the 2nd century BCE.

Rushworth Kidder discusses the early contributions of Confucius ( 551 – 479 BCE ) ( See a version in Confucianism below ).

An early example of the Golden Rule that reflects the Ancient Egyptian concept of Maat appears in the story of The Eloquent Peasant, which dates to the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2040 – 1650 BCE ): " Now this is the command: Do to the doer to cause that he do thus to you.

The first reference to the book by this title is dated to 179 CE, but parts of it were written as early as approximately 150 BCE.

The early physicist Leucippus ( first half of 5th century BCE ) adamantly opposed the idea of direct divine intervention in the universe, instead proposing that natural phenomena had a natural cause.

Because the book of Habbakuk consists of five oracles about the Chaldeans ( Babylonians ), and the Chaldean rise to power is dated circa 612 BCE, it is assumed he was active about that time, making him an early contemporary of Jeremiah and Zephaniah.