Aramaic was marginalised as an official language, but remained spoken in both Assyria and Babylonia by the general populace.

During the times of Babylonia, tar-like glue was used for gluing statues.

Abba Arikka ( 175 – 247 ) ( Talmudic Aramaic: ; born: Abba bar Aybo, Hebrew: רבי אבא בר איבו ) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Sassanid Babylonia, known as an amora ( commentator on the Oral Law ) of the 3rd century who established at Sura the systematic study of the rabbinic traditions, which, using the Mishnah as text, led to the compilation of the Talmud.

While Judah I was still living, Rav, having been duly ordained as teacher — though not without certain restrictions ( Sanhedrin 5a )— returned to Babylonia, where he at once began a career that was destined to mark an epoch in the development of Babylonian Judaism.

Samuel, another disciple of Judah I, at the same time brought to the academy at Nehardea a high degree of prosperity ; in fact, it was at the school of Rav that Jewish learning in Babylonia found its permanent home and center.

Rav's activity made Babylonia independent of Palestine, and gave it that predominant position which it was destined to occupy for several centuries.

The method of treatment of the traditional material to which the Talmud owes its origin was established in Babylonia by Rav.

That he was highly respected by the Gentiles as well as by the Jews of Babylonia is proved by the friendship which existed between him and the last Parthian king, Artaban ( Avodah Zarah 10b ).

The region in which the Chaldeans settled was in the southern portion of Babylonia, lying chiefly on the right bank of the Euphrates.

In the early period it was the name of a small territory in southern Babylonia extending along the northern and probably also the western shores of the Persian Gulf.

It would appear that Bit Yakin was the chief or capital city of the land ; and the king of Chaldea is also called the king of Bit Yakin, just as the kings of Babylonia are regularly styled simply king of Babylon, the capital city.

In a later time, when the Chaldean tribe had burst their narrow bonds and obtained the ascendency over all Babylonia, they gave their name to the whole land of Babylonia, which then was called Chaldea for a short time.

This was a period of weakness in Babylonia, and its ineffectual kings were unable to prevent new waves of peoples invading and settling in the land.

Ishtar ( Inanna ) was the main goddess of Babylonia and Assyria.

This was synchronous with the empires of Ur during the 22nd and 21st centuries BC and the Old Kingdom of Babylonia during the 18th and 17th centuries BC, both of which did not extend as far as the Levant.

Babylonia was conquered by the Kassites, and the civilization of the Indus Valley was on decline probably due to climate.

In the 12th century BC most of the interior, as well as Babylonia, was overrun by Arameans, while the shoreline around today's Gaza Strip was settled by Philistines.

However, the empire began to collapse toward the end of the 7th century BC, and was obliterated by an alliance between a resurgent New Kingdom of Babylonia and the Iranian Medes.

What we now call the Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC.

Babylonia was a state in central and southern Iraq with Babylon as its capital.

This practice developed in Babylonia where most people understood only Aramaic and sermons were given in Aramaic so Kaddish was said in the vernacular.

Over the next four centuries this law underwent discussion and debate in both of the world's major Jewish communities ( in Israel and Babylonia ), and the commentaries on the Mishnah from each of these communities eventually came to be edited together into compilations known as the two Talmuds.

According to Rashi, the ladder signified the exiles that the Jewish people would suffer before the coming of the Jewish Messiah: the angels that represented the exiles of Babylonia, Persia, and Greece each climbed up a certain number of steps, paralleling the years of the exile, before they " fell down "; but the angel representing the last exile, that of Rome or Edom, kept climbing higher and higher into the clouds.

It later became a part of the Dynasty of the Sealand after the death of the Babylonian emperor Hammurabi, and was reconquered into Babylonia by the Kassites in the 16th century BC.

He was overthrown following the " sack of Babylon " by the Hittite king Mursili I, and Babylonia was turned over to the Kassites, with whom Samsu-iluna had already come into conflict in his 6th year.

It has long been maintained that the foundation of Seleucia diverted the population to the new capital of Babylonia, and that the ruins of the old city became a quarry for the builders of the new seat of government, but the recent publication of the Babylonian Chronicles of the Hellenistic Period has shown that urban life was still very much the same well into the Parthian age ( 150 BC to 226 AD ).

During the periods of the collapse of Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia and the First Intermediary Period in Egypt, the Hyksos invasions and the end of the Middle Bronze Age in Assyria and Babylonia, and the Late Bronze Age collapse, trade through the Canaanite area would dwindle, as Egypt, Babylonia, and to a lesser degree Assyria, withdrew into their isolation.

He advanced unopposed into Babylonia ; but Artaxerxes II, warned at the last moment by Tissaphernes, hastily gathered an army.

He advances unopposed into Babylonia ; but Artaxerxes, warned at the last moment by Tissaphernes, hastily gathers an army.

* The rebel Seleucid general and ruler of Media, Timarchus, who has distinguished himself by defending Media against the emergent Parthians, treats Demetrius I's violent accession to the Seleucid throne as the excuse to declare himself an independent king and extend his realm from Media into Babylonia.

* Babylon, the greatest city in Babylonia who renamed into Seleucia according to Stephanus Byzantius.

* Following their agreement to work together to defeat Antigonus, Seleucus invades Asia Minor from Babylonia, while Ptolemy attacks Syria and Lysimachus moves into the western part of Asia Minor.

The king had only been warned at the last moment by Tissaphernes and gathered an army in haste ; Cyrus advanced into Babylonia, before he met with an enemy.

Timarchus, who had distinguished himself by defending Media against the emergent Parthians, seems to have treated Demetrius ' accession as an excuse to declare himself an independent king and extend his realm into Babylonia.

Antiochus III resettled 2000 Jewish families from Babylonia into the Hellenistic Anatolian regions of Lydia and Phrygia.

After the middle of the 12th century BC follows another long period of comparative neglect, but with the conquest of Babylonia by the Assyrian king Sargon II, at the close of the 8th century BC, we meet again with building inscriptions, and under Ashurbanipal, about the middle of the 7th century BC, we find Ekur restored with a splendour greater than ever before, the ziggurat of that period being 58 by 39 m. After the fall of the Neo Assyrian Empire Ekur appears to have gradually fallen into decay, until finally, in the Seleucid period, the ancient temple was turned into a fortress.

Southern Babylonia, settled by nomadic Aramaean tribes, was conquered and turned into the province of Gambulu.

He restored Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Media to the Seleucid empire, before dispersing his army into winter quarters.

Shutruk-Nakhkhunte and his three sons, Kutir-Nakhkhunte II, Shilhak-In-Shushinak, and Khutelutush-In-Shushinak were capable of frequent military campaigns into Kassite Babylonia ( which was also being ravaged by Assyria during this period ), and at the same time were exhibiting vigorous construction activity — building and restoring luxurious temples in Susa and across their Empire.

Aramaic, however, remained the language of the Jews in Israel as well as of those in Babylonia, although in the latter country a large number of Persian words found their way into the language of daily intercourse and into that of the schools, a fact which is attested by the numerous Persian derivatives in the Babylonian Talmud.

In the interpretation of Jerome, the four empires were Babylonia, Persia, Greece and Rome, with the division of the Roman empire into West Rome and East Rome the final stage preceding the end of the world.

The history of the exilarchate falls naturally into two periods, separated by the beginning of the Arabic rule in Babylonia.