She answered her accusers that she received tuition from Thomas Reid, a former barony officer who had died at the Battle of Pinkie some 30 years before and also from the Queen of the Elfhame which lay nearby.

In 1547, after the death of Henry VIII, forces under the English regent Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset were victorious at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, the climax of the Rough Wooing, and followed up by the occupation of Haddington.

* 1547 – The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, the last full scale military confrontation between England and Scotland, resulting in a decisive victory for the forces of Edward VI.

Somerset led a large and well equipped army to Scotland, where he and the Scottish regent James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, commanded their armies at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh on 10 September 1547.

* September 10 – Battle of Pinkie: An English army under the Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector of England, defeats a Scottish army under James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, the Regent.

After a Scottish defeat at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in September 1547, French military aid weakened English resolve and increased the power base of Mary of Guise, who remained in Scotland.

After a crushing victory at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in September 1547, he set up a network of garrisons in Scotland, stretching as far north as Dundee.

In 1547 Dudley was created Earl of Warwick and, with the Duke of Somerset, England's Lord Protector, distinguished himself in the renewed Scottish war at the Battle of Pinkie.

In the Battle of Pinkie Dudley led the vanguard, being " one of the key architects of the English victory ".

The battle is considered the last decisive use of the longbow, yet through the 16th century the English longbowmen continued to have success, as in the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh.

He was born at Baldovie near Montrose, Angus, the youngest son of Richard Melville ( brother to Melville of Dysart ); his father died at the Battle of Pinkie in 1547, fighting in the van of the Scottish army.

The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, on the banks of the River Esk near Musselburgh, Scotland on 10 September 1547, was part of the conflict known as the Rough Wooing.

* Caldwell, David H., ' The Battle of Pinkie ,' in Macdougall, Norman, ed., Scotland and War, AD79-1918, Edinburgh ( 1991 ), pp. 61-94

* Battle of Pinkie entry in the Scottish Government Inventory of Historic Battlefields

* Phillips, Gervase, ' Anglo-Scottish Wars: Battle of Pinkie Cleugh ' from Military History, August ( 1997 )

At battles such as Ancrum Moor in Scotland in 1545, borderers changed sides in mid-battle, to curry favour with the likely victors, and at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547, an observer ( William Patten ) noticed that the Scottish and English borderers were talking to each other in the midst of battle, and on being spotted put on a show of fighting.

Sir James Ogilvy's descendant, James Ogilvy, 5th Lord Ogilvy of Airlie ( c. 1541 – 1606 ), a son of James Ogilvy, master of Ogilvy, who was killed at the Battle of Pinkie in 1547, took a leading part in Scottish politics during the reigns of Mary, Queen of Scots, and of James VI.

As he had led the charge against the Scots in the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, this was a telling statement.

He was succeeded by his son, the second Lord, killed at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547.

His great-great-grandson, the third Lord, was killed at the Battle of Pinkie in 1547 ( his father Alan Cathcart, Master of Cathcart, was one of many Scottish noblemen killed at the Battle of Flodden in 1513 ).

In 1547, after the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, Inchcolm was fortified by the English, like nearby Inchgarvie-while Inchkeith was occupied by their Italian mercenaries for two years.

She was only four years old at the time and stayed for three weeks after the disastrous Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in September of that year.

At the Battle of Pinkie, on 10 September 1547, Argyll, with four thousand west Highlanders, held command of the right wing of the Scottish army.

File: Durer, apocalisse, 08 battaglia degli angeli. jpg | The Revelation of St John: The Battle of the Angels, 1497-1498, woodcut, Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe

Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra

A period illustration of the Battle of Crécy.

Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra

The Claude Louis Hector de Villars | Duc de Villars leads his cavalry to victory at the Battle of Battle of Friedlingen | Friedlingen, illustration by Richard Caton Woodville.

Battle of Mühldorf ( 1322 ), contemporary illustration

Darius III portrayed ( near middle ) battling Alexander in a Greek depiction ; Possible illustration of either Battle of Issus or Battle of Gaugamela

Virtually the entire Kingdom of Jerusalem passed into Ayyubid hands after their victory against the Crusades | Crusader s in the Battle of Hattin in 1187 ; illustration from Les Passages faits Outremer par les Français contre les Turcs et autres Sarrasins et Maures outremarins, circa 1490

Eustace's death at the Battle of Sandwich ( 13th century illustration by Matthew Paris )

A third is from the emperor Maximilian's book Der Weisskunig of the early 16th century in an illustration entitled The Battle Against the Blue Company and is shown being carried by a Swiss soldier.

A period illustration of the Battle of Crécy.

Sigurðr Búason is spared by Eiríkr Hákonarson after the Battle of Hjörungavágr illustration by Christian Krohg

Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra.

One of the most famous was the Battle of St. Scholastica Day, which occurred on February 10, 1355, at the University of Oxford ( See illustration on Daily Info, Oxford ).

A manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra, fought between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, recorded in the Mahābhārata.

Pillage of the Burgundian camp after the Battle of Grandson, illustration by Diebold Schilling the Elder, 1483

However, lacking requested reinforcements from McClellan, now commanding the Army of the Potomac, Pope was soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac to defend Washington for a second time.

In the 10 years following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuk Turks from Central Asia established themselves over large areas of Anatolia, with particular concentrations around the north western rim.

In September 1862, the Confederate campaign in Maryland ended in defeat at the Battle of Antietam, which dissuaded the British from intervening.

* 1865 – American Civil War: The Battle of Sayler's Creek – Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia fights its last major battle while in retreat from Richmond, Virginia.

The Battle of Qarqar is mentioned in extra-biblical records, and was perhaps at Apamea where Shalmaneser III of Assyria fought a great confederation of princes from Cilicia, Northern Syria, Israel, Ammon, and the tribes of the Syrian desert ( 853 BC ), including Ahab ( A-ha-ab-bu < sup > mat </ sup >) ( Adad -' idri ).

** Battle of Fano — Aurelian defeats the Alemanni, who begin to retreat from Italy

* 357, Battle of Strasbourg — Julian expels the Alemanni from the Rhineland

* 1914 – World War I: the Battle of Haelen a. k. a. ( Battle of the Silver Helmets ) last cavalry style attack from the German army on the city of Halen Belgium.

* 1966 – Vietnam War: the Battle of Long Tan ensues after a patrol from the 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment clashes with a Viet Cong force in Phuoc Tuy province.

Only a few weeks after his accession the Ottoman Empire sustained a crushing defeat at the Battle of Slankamen from the Austrians under Margrave Louis William of Baden and was driven from Hungary.

According to the medieval chronicler Geoffrey Gaimar, after the Battle of Stamford Bridge Harold entrusted the loot gained from Harold Hardrada to Ealdred.

But there are smaller snippets of tradition preserved in the Historia Brittonum: in Chapter 31, we are told that Vortigern ruled in fear of Ambrosius ; later, in Chapter 66, various events are dated from a Battle of Guoloph ( often identified with Wallop, ESE of Amesbury near Salisbury ), which is said to have been between Ambrosius and Vitolinus ; lastly, in Chapter 48, it is said that Pascent, the son of Vortigern, was granted rule over the regions of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion by Ambrosius.

Anaximenes wrote a history of Greece in twelve books, stretching from the gods ' origins to the death of Epaminondas at the Battle of Mantinea ( Hellenica, ), and a history of Philip of Macedon ( Philippica ).

After the failure of the co-emperor Michael IX to stem the Turkish advance in Asia Minor in 1302 and the disastrous Battle of Bapheus, the Byzantine government hired the Catalan Company of Almogavars ( adventurers from Aragon and Catalonia ) led by Roger de Flor to clear Byzantine Asia Minor of the enemy.

At Rome, he wrote in Latin a history of the Roman empire from the accession of Nerva ( 96 ) to the death of Valens at the Battle of Adrianople ( 378 ), in effect writing a continuation of the history of Tacitus.

* 663 – Silla – Tang armies crush the Baekje restoration attempt and force Yamato Japan to withdraw from Korea in the Battle of Baekgang.

One outstanding example from ancient times is the Battle of the Trebia river.

* 1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Baton Rouge – along the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Confederate troops attempt to take the city, but are driven back by fire from Union gunboats.

* 1916 – World War I: Battle of Romani – Allied forces, under the command of Archibald Murray, defeat an attacking Ottoman army under the command of Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein, securing the Suez Canal and beginning the Ottoman retreat from the Sinai Peninsula.

* 1944 – World War II: The Battle of Narva ends with a combined German – Estonian force successfully defending Narva, Estonia, from invading Soviet troops.

* 1650 – The Battle of Carbisdale: A Royalist army from Orkney invades mainland Scotland but is defeated by a Covenanter army.