* 1575 – Bartol Kašić, Croatian writer and linguist ( d. 1650 )

* 1650 – Vincenzo Coronelli, Italian cartographer ( d. 1718 )

* 1650 – Colonel George Monck of the English Army forms Monck's Regiment of Foot, which will later become the Coldstream Guards.

Thābit's formula was rediscovered by Fermat ( 1601 – 1665 ) and Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ), to whom it is sometimes ascribed, and extended by Euler ( 1707 – 1783 ).

John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1650 – 1722 ) by Sir Godfrey Kneller.

Bernard of Clairvaux ( 1090 – 1153 ), in a 1700 painting by Georg Andreas Wasshuber ( 1650 – 1732 ) on display at Heiligenkreuz Abbey.

The great plague of 1650 – 1654 halved the city's population.

Similarly, the influences of philosophers such as Sir Francis Bacon ( 1561 – 1626 ) and René Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ), who demanded more rigor in mathematics and in removing bias from scientific observations, led to a scientific revolution.

Western casuistry dates from Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC ), yet the zenith of casuistry was from 1550 to 1650, when the Society of Jesus used case-based reasoning, particularly in administering the Sacrament of Penance ( or " confession ").

In response to Hobbes, the French Philosopher Rene Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed Cartesian Dualism, which posits that there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind which interact with one another.

The first holder of the title was John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1650 – 1722 ), the noted English general, and indeed an unqualified reference to the Duke of Marlborough in a historical text will almost certainly refer to him.

* John Churchill, 1st Earl of Marlborough ( 1650 – 1722 ), became Duke of Marlborough in 1702

* John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1650 – 1722 ), soldier and statesman

* 1566 – Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer ( d. 1650 )

René Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed analytic geometry, an alternative method for formalizing geometry.

* 1650 – Anne-Jules, French general ( d. 1708 )

* 1650 – Nell Gwynne, English actress and royal mistress ( d. 1687 )

A Polish Kabbalist, writing in about 1630 – 1650, reported the creation of a golem by Rabbi Eliyahu thus: " And I have heard, in a certain and explicit way, from several respectable persons that one man close to our time, whose name is R. Eliyahu, the master of the name, who made a creature out of matter Golem and form tzurah and it performed hard work for him, for a long period, and the name of emet was hanging upon his neck, until he finally removed it for a certain reason, the name from his neck and it turned to dust.

** Humanism and Protestant Reformation ( 1500 – 1650 )

An early example of the Golden Rule that reflects the Ancient Egyptian concept of Maat appears in the story of The Eloquent Peasant, which dates to the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2040 – 1650 BCE ): " Now this is the command: Do to the doer to cause that he do thus to you.

* 1650 – Third English Civil War: in the Battle of Dunbar, English Parliamentarian forces led by Oliver Cromwell defeat an army loyal to King Charles II of England and led by David Leslie, Lord Newark.

* September 3 – Third English Civil War: Battle of Dunbar ( 1650 ).

* Battle of Dunbar ( 1650 ), in the Third English Civil War.

On 3 September 1650, the Covenanters were defeated at the Battle of Dunbar by a much smaller force led by Oliver Cromwell.

After Cromwell's victory at the Battle of Dunbar in 1650 and subsequent occupation of Scotland, a fort known as Leith Citadel was erected in 1656 to regulate the port traffic.

In 1650, the Royalist general James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, moored his ship, the Herderinnan, in the Scapa Flow-in preparation for his attempt to raise a rebellion in Scotland which would end in failure and rout at the Battle of Carbisdale.

The second Battle of Dunbar ( 1650 ) was fought during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms between a Scottish Covenanter army and English Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell.

O ' Neill's Ulster army was unable to prevent the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, despite a successful defence of Clonmel by Eoghan Ruadh's nephew Hugh Dubh O ' Neill and was destroyed at the Battle of Scarrifholis in Donegal in 1650.

Whalley took part in Cromwell's Scottish expedition, was wounded at the Battle of Dunbar, and in the autumn of 1650 was active in dealing with the situation in the north.

He commanded an infantry brigade under Cromwell at the Battle of Dunbar ( 1650 ) and at the Battle of Worcester ( 1651 ).

* George Gray, born in Lanark in the 1620s, a POW from the Battle of Dunbar ( 1650 ), Durham Cathedral survivor, and New World refugee upon arrival to Berwick, Maine.

Oliver Cromwell put a garrison into the town after the Battle of Dunbar on 3 September 1650.

Apart from occasional conflicts between rival clans, the only battles in the county were Invercarron, at the head of Dornoch Firth, when Montrose was crushed by Colonel Archibald Strachan on 27 April 1650 — and the Battle of Glenshiel, when the Jacobites, under the Earl of Seaforth, aided by Spaniards, were defeated by a force under the command of General Joseph Wightman on 10 June 1719.

During the Civil War, after the Battle of Carbisdale in 1650 the defeated James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose surrendered himself to Neil MacLeod of Assynt at Ardvreck Castle.

The appearances include a lady in white, fallen soldiers of the Battle of Carbisdale ( 1650 ) and the sounds of a piper.

In 1650 Charles II visited briefly on his way to the Battle of Worcester, defeat and exile.

By the autumn of 1650, James Holborne was fighting against Cromwell at the Battle of Dunbar.

But a divided Royalist command gave Cromwell the opportunity to inflict a decisive defeat on the Scottish at the Battle of Dunbar on 3 September 1650.

In 1296 William Wallace mustered forces on the moor in a campaign that led to the Battle of Dunbar, and in 1650 the moor was the supposed scene of a secret meeting between Oliver Cromwell and Scottish leaders.

Cromwell embarked on a conquest of Scotland in 1650 – 51 and on 3 September 1651 defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester after the latter had led a Scottish army south in the hope that a Royalist rising in England would allow him to regain the English throne.

Cromwell invades Scotland and smashes the Scottish army at the Battle of Dunbar ( 3 September 1650 )

The Ulster Army was routed at the Battle of Scarrifholis in 1650.

The Battle of Dunbar ( 3 September 1650 ) was a battle of the Third English Civil War.