Before 1873, England had two parallel court systems: courts of " law " that could only award money damages and recognized only the legal owner of property, and courts of " equity " ( courts of chancery ) that could issue injunctive relief ( that is, a court order to a party to do something, give something to someone, or stop doing something ) and recognized trusts of property.

Before 1938, the federal courts, like almost all other common law courts, decided the law on any issue where the relevant legislature ( either the U. S. Congress or state legislature, depending on the issue ), had not acted, by looking to courts in the same system, that is, other federal courts, even on issues of state law, and even where there was no express grant of authority from Congress or the Constitution.

Before 2000, the President had the right to enact regulations on matters not governed by parliamentary law, but this power was removed, and existing regulations were converted into regular statutes by the Parliament.

Before the Christian era, sodomy was not illegal in Greek or, most believe, in Roman law, between adult citizens, but homosexual acts between citizens were considered acceptable only under certain social circumstances.

Before embarking on a conflict of law analysis, the court must determine whether a property agreement governs the relationship between the parties.

Before the Twelve Tables ( 754 – 449 BC ), private law comprised the Roman civil law ( ius civile Quiritium ) that applied only to Roman citizens, and was bonded to religion ; undeveloped, with attributes of strict formalism, symbolism, and conservatism, e. g. the ritual practice of mancipatio ( a form of sale ).

Before a statute becomes law in some countries, it must be agreed upon by the highest executive in the government, and finally published as part of a code.

Before signing a bill into law, the President can also ask the Constitutional Tribunal to verify its compliance with the Constitution, which in practice bears a decisive influence on the legislative process.

) Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, and may be broadly referred to as " legislation " while it remains under consideration to distinguish it from other business.

" Before allotment, reservation territory was not owned in the usual western sense, but was reserved for the benefit of entire Indian tribes, with its benefits apportioned to tribe members according to tribal law and custom.

Before the law requiring a mandatory crash test in 1970 there was a booming kit car industry in Sweden with most companies basing their kits on the VW Beetle chassis.

Before the Communications Act of 1934 was enacted as law by the U. S. Congress, there was a debate over commercial versus non-commercial broadcasting: Senators Robert Wagner of New York and Henry Hatfield of West Virginia offered an amendment to the then proposed Communications Act.

:: Example: " Before Blakely, courts around the country had found that " statutory minimum " was the maximum sentence allowed by law for the crime, rather than the maximum standard range sentence.

Before the term exobase was established this boundary was also called the critical level where barometric law no longer applies.

Before the unification of the Supreme Court under the Judicature Act 1873, solicitors practised in the Chancery Courts, attorneys practised in the Common law courts and proctors practised in the Ecclesiastical courts.

Before becoming a detective, an officer must attend a law enforcement academy, providing the officer with a foundation of education with sixteen to twenty-four college units in criminal justice or administration of criminal justice.

Before removing to New York in 1908, he practiced law in Colorado at Aspen, Cripple Creek, and Colorado Springs.

Before troops could be raised, the Militia Act of 1792 required a justice of the United States Supreme Court to certify that law enforcement was beyond the control of local authorities.

Before the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 December 2009 no provision in the treaties or law of the European Union outlined the ability of a state to voluntarily withdraw from the EU.

Before the tree became protected by law in 1971, there were lumber-mills in Araucanía Region which specialized in Araucarias.

Before the new deputies could take their seats, the directors forced through the councils the law of 22 Floréal, annulling or perverting the elections in thirty departments and excluding forty-eight deputies by name.

Before Moseley's discovery, the atomic numbers ( or elemental number ) of an element had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary sequential number, based on the sequence of atomic masses, but modified somewhat where chemists found this to be desirable, such as by the great Russian chemist, Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev.

Before he can sell the secret of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union, he is discovered by the British and is killed by members of MI5 who stage his death as a heart attack.

Before the 1970s, physicists were uncertain about the binding mechanism of the atomic nucleus.

Before he had propounded the atomic theory, he had already attained a considerable scientific reputation.

Before the detonation, the uranium-235 was formed into two sub-critical pieces, one of which was later fired down a gun barrel to join the other, starting the atomic explosion.

Before long Zacharias and Ramsey had built such atomic clocks.

Before and after the atomic nuclear testing near Maralinga in the 1950s, many Aboriginal people from at least 3 different tribal and language groups were " forced " to live within the mission site.

Before this discovery, atomic numbers were just sequential numbers based on an element's atomic weight.

Before atomic orbitals were understood, spectroscopists discovered various distinctive series of spectral lines in atomic spectra, which they identified by letters.

Before the battle, the Cossack army totaled 80, 000 men ; 28, 000-33, 000 Tatars and uncertain numbers of Ukrainian peasants.

Before 2004, the white away jerseys had teal numbers with black and gold trim, but after, the white jerseys had black numbers with teal and gold trim.

Before WWII it had grown to become the second largest international auxiliary language in numbers of adherents, after Esperanto.

Before modern computing, researchers requiring random numbers would either generate them through various means ( dice, cards, roulette wheels, etc.

Before 911 production commenced in 1964, the Porsche Vehicle Research Department set aside chassis numbers 13386 through 13397 for research testing of the Type 356 replacement.

Before World War II, most elite university faculties counted among their numbers few, if any, Jews, blacks, women, or other minorities ; Yale was no exception.

Before the advent of disk operating systems and the ability to record large data files, core dumps were paper printouts of the contents of memory, typically arranged in columns of octal or hexadecimal numbers ( a " hex dump "), sometimes accompanied by their interpretations as machine language instructions, text strings, or decimal or floating-point numbers ( cf.

Before numbers were even invented, counting devices were used to perform everyday calculations ; one of these devices was the abacus, which provided merchants good and accurate data when buying and selling goods.

Before sunset, the enemies-who are like small birds-flock into the house in great numbers.

Before calculators were cheap and plentiful, people would use mathematical tables — lists of numbers showing the results of calculation with varying arguments — to simplify and drastically speed up computation.

Before the advent of street names and numbers, even for long times afterwards, many important buildings like inns, mills and farmsteads were given names ( see also Der Lachs zu Danzig ).

Before 1921 hunting and trapping were another cause of decline in population numbers.

Before the tax relief was introduced there was a fear that the UK games industry could fall behind other leading game industries around the world such as France and Canada, of which Canada overtook the UK in terms of job numbers in the industry in 2010.

Before 1950 large numbers appeared on the North American Great Lakes in early winter, passing up the St. Lawrence River from the East coast.

Before the advent of emergency telephone numbers, operators identified and connected emergency calls to the correct emergency service.

Before the development of emergency telephone numbers and the proliferation of mobile phones, some firefighting agencies installed callboxes at various street locations, so that a pedestrian or driver spotting a fire could quickly report it.

He said, " Before I agree to any increase in troop numbers I must be sure that the balance of risk is acceptable by evaluating the capacity of the supply chain to properly equip the increased force.

Before the start of the 2008 – 09 season, Bertuzzi switched jersey numbers from 4 to 7, in honour of his boyhood idol, Phil Esposito.

Before this was realized, higher magic numbers, such as 184 and 228, were predicted based on simple calculations that assumed spherical shapes.

Before the late 14th century, a fixed hand ( often a carving shaped like a hand ) indicated the hour by pointing to numbers on a rotating dial ; after this time the current convention of a rotating hand on a fixed dial was adopted.

Before the 20th century, the Inuvialuit Settlement Region was primarily inhabited by Siglit Inuit who spoke the Siglitun dialect, but in the second half of the 19th century, their numbers were dramatically reduced by the introduction of new diseases.