Before the advent of printing, breviaries were written by hand and were often richly decorated with initials and miniature illustrations telling stories in the lives of Christ or the saints, or stories from the Bible.

Before the advent of rock and roll, concept albums had their original heyday in jazz of the early to mid ' 50s with artists such as Nat King Cole and Frank Sinatra, the latter of whom would record numerous concept albums for Capitol throughout the last half of the ' 50s such as In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Where Are You?

Before the advent of fast computing machines, solving a dynamical system required sophisticated mathematical techniques and could be accomplished only for a small class of dynamical systems.

Before the advent of government-funded public schools, the primary mode of education for those of the lower classes was the charity school, pioneered during the 19th century by Protestant organizations and adapted for use by the Roman Catholic Church and governmental bodies.

Before the advent of computer filter synthesis tools, graphical tools such as Bode plots and Nyquist plots were extensively used as design tools.

Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws and chisels.

Before the advent of modern computers numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables.

Before the advent of copyright, anonymous and pseudonymous publication was a common practice in the sixteenth century publishing world, and a passage in the Arte of English Poesie ( 1589 ), the leading work of literary criticism of the Elizabethan period and an anonymously published work itself, mentions in passing that literary figures in the court who wrote " commendably well " circulated their poetry only among their friends, " as if it were a discredit for a gentleman to seem learned " ( Book 1, Chapter 8 ).

Before the advent of wax candles in the 14th century, this office was said in the dark or with minimal lighting ; and monks were expected to memorise everything.

Before the advent of direct-dialed long distance calls, a subscriber would need to contact the long-distance operator in order to place a toll call.

Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering.

Before the advent of the British, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up the country's Northeast, part of the reason for the ongoing insurgency in Northeast India.

Before the advent of modern antibiotics, oil of thyme was used to medicate bandages.

Before the advent of the touchpad, small trackballs were common on portable computers, where there may be no desk space on which to run a mouse.

" Before the advent of Islam, the city was known as Yathrib but was personally renamed by Muhammad.

Before the advent of the CCD beam profiler, the beam width was estimated using the knife-edge technique: slice a laser beam with a razor and measure the power of the clipped beam as a function of the razor position.

Before the advent of DVD and Blu-ray, the Video CD ( abbreviated as VCD, and also known as View CD, Compact Disc digital video ) became the first format for distributing films on standard 120 mm optical discs.

Before the advent of artificial refrigeration, Madeira wine was particularly prized in areas where it was impractical to construct wine cellars ( as in parts of the southern United States ) because, unlike many other fine wines, it could survive being stored over hot summers without significant damage.

Before the advent of anesthesia, surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering.

Before the advent of VLSI devices, TTL integrated circuits were a standard method of construction for the processors of mini-computer and mainframe processors ; such as the DEC VAX and Data General Eclipse, and for equipment such as machine tool numerical controls, printers and video display terminals.

Before the advent of modern pipes, water was brought from an outdoor source such as wells, pumps or springs.

Before the advent of the modern critical edition of historical Roman works, AUC was indiscriminately added to them by earlier editors, making it appear more widely used than it actually was.

Before the advent of the codex ( book ), Latin and Greek script was written on scrolls.

Before the advent of radio, carrier pigeons were frequently used on the battlefield as a means for a mobile force to communicate with a stationary headquarters.

Before long, the pigeon pecks at the disk ( or stimulus ) regularly.

Before Windows 95, some computer manufacturers used hardware disk copying machines to copy software.

Before long US $ 2 million, far more money than anybody anticipated, and more than the company could afford that time, was spent to turn the motherboards into completed units: For CRTs, RAM, floppy disk drives, and to restore production and fabricate the molded cases.

Before shutting down, the wrecked camera disk records the Eosapien tribe carrying Ike away.

Before addressing this question, we will discuss when Faraday's Law is valid and when it breaks down as in the disk experiment.

Before it was known as ADF, it was used in commercial game production, backup and disk virtualization.

Before virtual memory could be implemented in mainstream operating systems, many problems had to be addressed.

Before the release of DeCSS, there was no way for computers running a Linux-based operating system to play video DVDs.

Before its closure it was the oldest operating penal facility west of the Mississippi River.

Before the US entry into the war, anti-submarine air patrols were flown on an ad-hoc basis by the Walrus flying boats of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, operating from its own base on Boaz Island.

Before the Stone Hill development and the nearby Pfluger Crossing development ( a development that includes a Wal-Mart Supercenter ) opened their first stores in 2007, the city's two largest retailers were an Albertsons grocery store ( which operated from 1996 to 2006 ) near Pflugerville High School and an H-E-B grocery store ( operating since 2000 ) east of downtown.

Before returning to America, Lafayette and the French force learned that they would be operating under American command, with Washington in control of military operations.

Before Make's introduction, the Unix build system most commonly consisted of operating system dependent " make " and " install " shell scripts accompanying their program's source.

Before this transition, Terra Soft Solutions held the unique distinction of being the only company licensed by Apple to resell Apple computers with Linux pre-installed ( or for that matter, with any operating system other than Mac OS X ).

Before the establishment of the Vichy government,, an aircraft carrier, had been operating with the French forces in Dakar.

No organized cavalry formations or formations of troops equipped with projectile weapons are recorded: instead the bulk of the forces were formed in units of light, medium and heavy infantry, with bowmen or slingers distributed among the infantry units operating as light support skirmishers. Before the end of the Commonwealth at least 21 fortresses and castles had been built in Iceland. During the Age of the Sturlungs the average battle consisted of fewer than 1000 men with the average casualty rate of only 15 %.

Before operating, he stimulated the brain with electrical probes while the patients were conscious on the operating table ( under only local anesthesia ), and observed their responses.

Before and during the Vietnam War, there were three of these groups operating in Southeast Asia.

Before Jeffrey Pine was distinguished from Ponderosa Pine as a distinct species in 1853, resin distillers operating in its range suffered a number of ' inexplicable ' explosions during distillation, now known to have been caused by the unwitting use of Jeffrey Pine resin.

Before graphical operating systems like Windows, most home computers used text-based operating systems such as DOS.

Before extensive use of container ships and shore-based handling machinery in the U. S., longshoremen referred exclusively to the dockworkers, while stevedores, in a separate trade union, worked on the ships, operating ship's cranes and moving cargo.

Before Churchill was replaced as First Lord he corrected his mistake by appointing Hood to command of the Third Battlecruiser Squadron operating out of Rosyth in Scotland.

Before closing, the base continued to operate as part of its closing procedures while the airport was operating publicly under the name Brunswick Executive Airport.

Before the sectorisation of BR in 1982 the system was split into regions: those operating around London were London Midland Region ( Marylebone, Euston, St Pancras and Broad Street ), Southern Region ( Waterloo, Victoria, Charing Cross, Holborn Viaduct, Cannon Street and London Bridge ), Western Region ( Paddington ) and Eastern Region ( King's Cross, Moorgate, Broad Street, Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street ).

Before finishing his third term in the Assembly, Caldera resigned to begin serving as managing director and chief operating officer for President Bill Clinton's Corporation for National and Community Service ( 1997 – 1998 ), a domestic volunteer program.

Before that, the group had been operating under the name Sarawak Communist Organization.

Before becoming interim executive director in 1996, he served as a personnel representative and compensation analyst, employment manager, assistant personnel administrator, associate hospital director, and chief operating officer.

Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization ( EBITDA ) is a rough measure of operating cash flow, which reduces the effect of accounting, financing, and tax policies on reported profits.