Before 1938, the federal courts, like almost all other common law courts, decided the law on any issue where the relevant legislature ( either the U. S. Congress or state legislature, depending on the issue ), had not acted, by looking to courts in the same system, that is, other federal courts, even on issues of state law, and even where there was no express grant of authority from Congress or the Constitution.

Before she leaves she sternly notes that her daughter will not disclose any information whatsoever about her family, past, or herself and that Carmilla is of sound mind.

Before the fighting, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government, functioning as a temporary advisory committee, summoned by the monarch whenever the Crown required additional tax revenue, and subject to dissolution by the monarch at any time.

Before the snap of the ball, in the American game, backfield players may only move parallel to the line of scrimmage, only one back may be in motion at any given time, and if forward motion has occurred, the back must be still for a full second before the snap.

Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI.

Before any graphic elements may be applied to a design, the graphic elements must be originated by means of visual art skills.

* Short-lived nature of gene therapy – Before gene therapy can become a permanent cure for any condition, the therapeutic DNA introduced into target cells must remain functional and the cells containing the therapeutic DNA must be long-lived and stable.

" Before she can cry any further, Rhett asks Scarlett to marry him saying, " I always intended having you, one way or another.

Before placement of an IUD, a medical history and physical examination by a medical professional is useful to check for any contraindications or concerns.

Before any further steps could be taken at Rome, Gregory XI died ( 1378 ).

Before purchasing any work supposedly by Schwitters, it is best to consult the Kurt Schwitters Archive at the Sprengel Museum in Hannover, Germany.

Before that, most of these patterns were more connected to geographical regions than to any clan.

Before the late 19th century, the word " Lesbian " referred to any derivative or aspect of Lesbos, including a type of wine.

Before any institution invests a great deal of time and energy into building high-quality e-learning content ( which can cost over $ 10, 000 per classroom hour ), it needs to consider how this content can be easily loaded into a Learning Management System.

# Before any custodial interrogation began did the government agents properly advise the defendant of her Miranda rights? If “ Yes ” go to 6 ; If “ No ”, go to 18 ..

Before its establishment, Rulers were immune from any proceedings brought against them in their personal capacity.

Before Moses went up the mountain to receive the tablets, he told the elders to direct any questions that arose to Aaron or Hur.

Before then, the game was only available on a limited basis on the Commodore 64 due to few publishers showing any interest in porting it.

Before 1700, London brewers sent out their beer very young and any aging was either performed by the publican or a dealer.

Before the days of cultured pearls, black pearls were rare and highly valued for the simple reason that white pearl oysters rarely produced naturally black pearls, and black pearl oysters rarely produced any natural pearls at all.

Before taking any steps to meet the wishes of Michael, Louis asked the pope's permission for a number of his bishops to assemble and make a selection of passages from the Fathers to elucidate the question that the Greeks had put before them.

Before leaving Hollywood for Europe in 1952, following the problematic production The Crimson Pirate for Warner Bros., his third and last film with Burt Lancaster, Siodmak had directed some of the era's best film noirs, more than any other director who worked in that genre, twelve in all.

* Before 3: 50 a. m .: The Jerusalem Post reports that Osama bin Laden has given a speech denying any connection to the attacks, which he called admirable.

Before 2005, Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season.

Before the advent of the British, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up the country's Northeast, part of the reason for the ongoing insurgency in Northeast India.

Before he was forced abroad for political reasons, director Jules Dassin made two classic noirs that also straddled the major / independent line: Brute Force ( 1947 ) and the influential documentary-style The Naked City were developed by producer Mark Hellinger, who had an " inside / outside " contract with Universal similar to Wanger's.

For the second pilot, " Where No Man Has Gone Before " ( 1966 ), Roddenberry accepted director James Goldstone's decision to have Paul Fix play Dr. Mark Piper.

Before Irving Leonard died, he and Eastwood had discussed the idea of Malpaso producing Play Misty for Me, a film that was to give Eastwood the artistic control he desired, and his debut as a director.

Before becoming a director himself, he built his reputation as a film writer with articles in Esquire.

Before he began his writing career he worked as an illustrator in New York and, in 1960, as an art director in a London advertising agency.

* Henry Selick ( 1952 – ) American director and animator: The Nightmare Before Christmas, Coraline

Before The Search for Spock was released, its director Leonard Nimoy was asked to return to direct the next film in the franchise.

* Henry Selick ( born 1952 ), stop motion director, producer and writer who is best known for directing both The Nightmare Before Christmas, and James and the Giant Peach.

* Henry Selick ( born 1952 ), stop motion director, producer and writer who is best known for directing The Nightmare Before Christmas, James and the Giant Peach and Coraline.

Delpy may be best-known internationally for her co-starring role with Ethan Hawke in director Richard Linklater's 1995 film Before Sunrise, for which she has stated she wrote a lot of her own dialogue uncredited.

Before retirement he became a professor of psychiatry at New York University, a senior psychiatrist in the New York City Department of Hospitals, and a psychiatrist and the director of the Mental Hygiene Clinic at the Bellevue Hospital Center.

Before casting him as King Théoden, director Peter Jackson considered Hill for the part of Gandalf.

" Before long, Buñuel was working for Epstein as an assistant director on Mauprat ( 1926 ) and La chute de la maison Usher ( 1928 ), and also for Mario Nalpas on La Sirène des Tropiques ( 1927 ), starring Josephine Baker.

Before entering Parliament he worked for N M Rothschild & Sons, the investment bank, and became director of Rothschild Asset Management.

Before delivering a keynote speech, Marko is approached by a film director who inquires whether he would allow Natalija to play a role in the film based on his own memoirs.

Before the camera stabilizing system, a director had two choices for moving ( or " tracking ") shots:

Before The Crystal Method was formed, Ken and Scott started working on music while working at the grocery store and while Ken was a local DJ in Las Vegas as well as the college radio program director at UNLV.

Before becoming a full-time legislator, he worked in various positions, including at the Minntac taconite plant, as a logger and a naturalist at the Ironworld Discovery Center in Chisholm, Minnesota, and as an assistant director at Giants Ridge Ski Area.

Before shooting began, William Bendix replaced actor Murray Alper when Alper became ill, and after two weeks of shooting, director of photography Arthur Miller was replaced by Glen MacWilliams because of illness.

Before becoming a public official, Achtenberg worked for more than 15 years as a civil rights attorney, nonprofit director and legal educator.

") Before long, she became fashion editor, collaborating with photographers Louise Dahl-Wolfe and Richard Avedon and, later, art director Henry Wolf.

Before taking up journalism, Bonner worked as a staff attorney with Ralph Nader's Public Citizen Litigation Group, as the director of the West Coast office of Consumers Union, and as director of the consumer fraud / white collar crime unit of the San Francisco District Attorney's office.