Before 1938, the federal courts, like almost all other common law courts, decided the law on any issue where the relevant legislature ( either the U. S. Congress or state legislature, depending on the issue ), had not acted, by looking to courts in the same system, that is, other federal courts, even on issues of state law, and even where there was no express grant of authority from Congress or the Constitution.

Before she leaves she sternly notes that her daughter will not disclose any information whatsoever about her family, past, or herself and that Carmilla is of sound mind.

Before the fighting, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government, functioning as a temporary advisory committee, summoned by the monarch whenever the Crown required additional tax revenue, and subject to dissolution by the monarch at any time.

Before the snap of the ball, in the American game, backfield players may only move parallel to the line of scrimmage, only one back may be in motion at any given time, and if forward motion has occurred, the back must be still for a full second before the snap.

Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI.

Before any graphic elements may be applied to a design, the graphic elements must be originated by means of visual art skills.

* Short-lived nature of gene therapy – Before gene therapy can become a permanent cure for any condition, the therapeutic DNA introduced into target cells must remain functional and the cells containing the therapeutic DNA must be long-lived and stable.

" Before she can cry any further, Rhett asks Scarlett to marry him saying, " I always intended having you, one way or another.

Before placement of an IUD, a medical history and physical examination by a medical professional is useful to check for any contraindications or concerns.

Before any further steps could be taken at Rome, Gregory XI died ( 1378 ).

Before purchasing any work supposedly by Schwitters, it is best to consult the Kurt Schwitters Archive at the Sprengel Museum in Hannover, Germany.

Before that, most of these patterns were more connected to geographical regions than to any clan.

Before the late 19th century, the word " Lesbian " referred to any derivative or aspect of Lesbos, including a type of wine.

# Before any custodial interrogation began did the government agents properly advise the defendant of her Miranda rights? If “ Yes ” go to 6 ; If “ No ”, go to 18 ..

Before its establishment, Rulers were immune from any proceedings brought against them in their personal capacity.

Before Moses went up the mountain to receive the tablets, he told the elders to direct any questions that arose to Aaron or Hur.

Before then, the game was only available on a limited basis on the Commodore 64 due to few publishers showing any interest in porting it.

Before 1700, London brewers sent out their beer very young and any aging was either performed by the publican or a dealer.

Before the days of cultured pearls, black pearls were rare and highly valued for the simple reason that white pearl oysters rarely produced naturally black pearls, and black pearl oysters rarely produced any natural pearls at all.

Before taking any steps to meet the wishes of Michael, Louis asked the pope's permission for a number of his bishops to assemble and make a selection of passages from the Fathers to elucidate the question that the Greeks had put before them.

Before leaving Hollywood for Europe in 1952, following the problematic production The Crimson Pirate for Warner Bros., his third and last film with Burt Lancaster, Siodmak had directed some of the era's best film noirs, more than any other director who worked in that genre, twelve in all.

* Before 3: 50 a. m .: The Jerusalem Post reports that Osama bin Laden has given a speech denying any connection to the attacks, which he called admirable.

Before 2005, Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season.

Before the advent of the British, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up the country's Northeast, part of the reason for the ongoing insurgency in Northeast India.

Before the institution of interleague play in 1997, the two teams would have little opportunity to play each other.

Before 1917, polygamy was practised only by the wealthier classes and was a waning institution.

Before 1521, the Lord High Constable of England also presided, but that office was abolished as a permanent institution ( it is " revived " only for a Coronation ).

Before the institution of the Batavian Republic of 1795 the Netherlands were not a unitary state, but more of a confederation in which the independent provinces and the larger cities and towns were very much politically autonomous.

Before actual construction of the building could begin, American Fletcher became the first major Indianapolis bank holding company to be sold to an out-of-state financial institution, agreeing in the spring of 1986 to merge with Ohio's rapidly growing Bank One Corporation.

Before he became an institution on the north side with the Cubs, Sox broadcaster Harry Caray was a south side icon.

Before this, CNPq was the only research granting institution at federal level, working directly under the Presidency of Republic.

Before 1932, the economic situation was chaotic, but the establishment of the Yuan of Manchukuo as the local monetary unit in parity with the Japanese Yen, and establishment of the Central Bank of Manchou as the central bank institution produced a relatively stable business climate.

Before the institution of the Moscow Patriarchate, new centres, claiming to be patriarchates, but resisted by Constantinople, appeared within Slav territory-establishment of the Preslav patriarchate, 1234 ), and Peć ( 1346 ).

Before the creation of the Slovak Academy of Sciences ( 1942 / 1953 ), the Matica functioned as a substitute for a general supreme scientific, and initially even for any other, institution of the Slovaks.

Before 1974 and the approval of decree Decreto-Lei 830 / 74 of 31 December 1974, this current polytechnic school, was not a higher education institution.

* " Before the Day of Judgment there will be great liars, so beware of them.

Before Moseley's discovery, the atomic numbers ( or elemental number ) of an element had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary sequential number, based on the sequence of atomic masses, but modified somewhat where chemists found this to be desirable, such as by the great Russian chemist, Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev.

Before commencing work, he returned to the Netherlands to make Industrial Symphony for Philips Electric which is considered to be a film of great technical beauty.

Before it reaches the plains it receives a great number of small streams from impenetrable, saturated and much broken mountainous districts, where the dense and varied vegetation seems to fight for every piece of ground.

Before the great archaeological excavations in the 19th century, historical knowledge of the great Assyrian empire and of its magnificent capital was almost wholly a blank.

Before the Second World War, researchers in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, independently and in great secrecy, developed technologies that led to the modern version of radar.

Before this episode, Jesus had been " all about Galilee " preaching, as in Matthew 4: 23, and " great crowds followed him " from all around the area.

Before its fall, at the beginning of the 10th century Akan migrants moved southward then founded several nation-states including the first great Akan empire of the Bono founded in the 11th Century and for which the Brong Ahafo region of Akanland is named after.

Before proceeding to Bulgaria, Prince Alexander paid visits to the Tsar at Livadia, to the courts of the great powers and to the sultan ; a Russian warship then conveyed him to Varna, and after taking the oath to the new constitution at Turnovo ( 8 July 1879 ) he went to Sofia.

Before the Holocaust, Częstochowa was considered a great Jewish center in Poland.

Before long, the great white-capped mountains that loomed above the rapids were called the " mountains by the cascades " and later simply as the " Cascades ".

Before Greek civilization had assumed its historic form, there was likely to have been great freedom and independence of different localities in the matter of lyre stringing, which is corroborated by the antique use of the chromatic ( half-tone ) and enharmonic ( quarter-tone ) tunings pointing to an early exuberance, and perhaps also to a bias towards refinements of intonation.

Before sunset, the enemies-who are like small birds-flock into the house in great numbers.

Before settlement, the locality now known as Heyworth was covered by a heavy growth of timber and underbrush which was inhabited by the Kickapoo Native Americans, and was supported a great number of deer, wild turkeys, and packs of large gray wolves.

Before the series started everybody expected it to be a long and great series.

Before the main road connects to the Rathausplatz, a tablet commemorates the great Austrian composer Anton Bruckner.

Before the end of the fifteenth century, Ayutthaya launched attacks on Angkor, the classical great power of the region.

Before 1818, the King of Sweden had many more titles since the times of Sweden as a great power.

Before — and even after — the construction of lighthouses, the cliffs and jagged rocks of the island were a great danger to sailors.

Before it reached him, Ruhnken wrote a kind letter to Wyttenbach, which the recipient " read, re-read and kissed ," and another on receipt of the tract, in which the great scholar declared that he had not expected to find in Germany such knowledge of Greek, such power of criticism, and such mature judgment, especially in one so young.

Before the battle, the British appeared to have had great success in conquering much of Georgia and South Carolina with the aid of strong Loyalist factions, and thought that North Carolina might be within their grasp.

Before 1685 the Inn counted as members five dukes, three marquises, twenty-nine earls, five viscounts and thirty-nine barons, and during that period " none can exhibit a more illustrious list of great men ".

Before the 15th, ( according to the story by Sports Illustrated's great boxing writer Pat Putnam ) ' Ali was on very wobbly legs '.