The Award is administered by the Before Columbus Foundation, which established it in 1978 and inaugurated it in 1980, recognizing a list of eight 1979 publications.

Before the end of August, Poland agreed to cede eastern provinces to the Soviet Union and officially recognizing an eastern border based on a slightly modified Curzon line.

Before moving on Rome, Severus made an alliance with the powerful commander of the Britannia legions, Clodius Albinus, recognizing him as Caesar.

Before the arrival of Europeans, Banda had an oligarchic form of government led by orang kaya (' rich men ') and the Bandanese had an active and independent role in trade throughout the archipelago.

Before the Iron Age, the role of cavalry on the battlefield was largely performed by light chariots.

He also provided the voice of Jack Skellington, the main character in Tim Burton's animated Disney film The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ), and has since reprised the role in many other subsequent productions, including the Disney / Square video games Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II and the Capcom sequel to the original film, Oogie's Revenge.

Before the fighting, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government, functioning as a temporary advisory committee, summoned by the monarch whenever the Crown required additional tax revenue, and subject to dissolution by the monarch at any time.

Before accepting a role as a villain in Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West, Henry Fonda called Wallach and asked " What the hell does he know about the West?

Before the rise of Christianity, the pseudepigrapha of Enochic Judaism, which enjoyed much popularity during the Second Temple period, gave Satan an expanded role.

Before that, the vocal virtuosity, not range, was the priority, with soprano parts rarely extending above a high A ( Handel, for example, only wrote one role extending to a high C ), though the castrato Farinelli was alleged to possess a top D ( his lower range was also extraordinary, extending to tenor C ).

Before his theft of fire, Prometheus played a decisive role in the Titanomachy, securing victory for Zeus and the other Olympians.

Before the release of It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, Professor Griff, in his role as Minister of Information, gave interviews to UK magazines on behalf of Public Enemy, during which he made homophobic and anti-Semitic remarks.

Before the relatively recent discovery of neurons and their role in pain, various different body functions were proposed to account for pain.

" Waits also continued to further his acting career with a supporting role as Rudy the Kraut in Ironweed ( an adaptation of William Kennedy's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel ) alongside Jack Nicholson and Meryl Streep, in which Waits performed the song " Big Rock Candy Mountain ", as well as a part in Robert Frank's Candy Mountain, in which Waits also performed " Once More Before I Go.

Before he showed an interest in poetry, he displayed a keenness for acting, though Mr Giles ' Theatre, where he performed, only let him play the title role in Macbeth if he paid for the privilege.

Before motorized transport became widespread, drummers played a key role in military conflicts.

Before the Dutch Revolt, Antwerp had played an important role as a distribution center in northern Europe.

Before 1974, that role had been filled by Famagusta which is now located in the Turkish controlled part of the island which is not recognised as a legal port by any country except Turkey.

Before the lightning strikes earth, the filaments lead electricity through the clouds, playing the role of lightning rods.

Before production, John Ford shopped the project around to several Hollywood studios, all of which turned him down because big budget Westerns were out of vogue, and because Ford insisted on using John Wayne in a key role in the film.

* Dick Van Dyke – Before his small but memorable role as D. A.

Before relating the story, it is stated that Cupid played no role in the events and was not to blame for Myrrha's incestuous love for her father, Cinyras.

Before his role as protector of merchants and travelers, Hermes was a phallic god, associated with fertility, luck, roads and borders.

He has done animation voice acting, most notably voicing the recurring role of David Xanatos in the animated series Gargoyles, and he provided the voice of his own head in a jar in the Futurama episode " Where No Fan Has Gone Before ".

Before independence, others identified a Japanese fifth column in India and some thought the British would retain certain princely states to serve them in that role.

Before leaving, McQueen told Spielberg that he could not accept the role because he was unable to cry on cue.

Before his election, Adolf ’ s political activities had been limited to his role as Bundesgenosse of the Archbishop of Cologne.

Before any commercial use of QuickRing, newer versions of PCI started appearing that offered performance close enough to QuickRing to make its role redundant.

Before the Draft Act was passed Baker had confidentially briefed governors, sheriffs, and prospective draft board members on the administration of the measure -- and the confidence was kept so well that only one newspaper learned what was going on.

Before the fight was over, the Harlem boy had a concussion and Trig was cut up badly.

Before he left the apartment he knocked on their door and asked if there was anything he could do for them.

Before he left town Pat saw to it that I was fixed up with a job.

Before the airplanes came, he said, travel in Laos was just about impossible.

Before coming on a visit to Spelman in 1885, Miss Mary had been a successful teacher in Worcester, and her position there was held open for her for a considerable period.

Before he was forty Griffith had created the art of the film.

Before appealing to the U.N. or to Russia, he first appealed to the U.S. for military help, and was rejected.

Before her chore was finished she was rescuing wind-blown sheets of music, trundling microphones about the stage, helping to move the piano and otherwise joining in the informal atmosphere.

Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols.

Before Europeans discovered other oceans, the term " ocean " itself was synonymous with the waters beyond the Strait of Gibraltar that we now know as the Atlantic.

Before he could pass the river with safety, however, it was necessary to subdue certain fortresses, one of which was for several days vigorously defended by the governor, Yussuf el-Harezmi, a Khwarezmian.

Before the 1989 series began, the win-loss ratio was almost even, with 87 wins for Australia to England's 86, 74 having been drawn.

Before the late modern era, the abbot was treated with the utmost reverence by the brethren of his house.

Before the creation of the world, God was all by Himself, in a Self-absorbed state.

Before the Tennessee electorate voted on secession, Johnson, at his peril, toured the state, speaking in opposition to the measure, contending it was unconstitutional.

Before his death, he was absolved from the excommunication ; moreover, the Pope also promised that the King of Hungary and his relatives would not be excommunicated without the special permission of the Pope.

Before the 2007 season began, Vick was suspended indefinitely by the NFL after pleading guilty to charges involving dog fighting in the state of Virginia.

Before the War, Paul was a creative, sensitive, and passionate person, writing poems and having a clear love for his family.

Before the war Tjaden was a locksmith.