Before 1933, individuals who opposed trade unions and collective bargaining said so in plain English.

The terms " Common Era ", " Anno Domini ", " Before the Common Era " and " Before Christ " in contemporary English can be applied to dates that rely on either the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar.

Before the fighting, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government, functioning as a temporary advisory committee, summoned by the monarch whenever the Crown required additional tax revenue, and subject to dissolution by the monarch at any time.

Before the English Civil War, a pamphlet by William Neade entitled The Double-Armed Man advocated that soldiers be trained in both the longbow and pike ; this advice was followed only by a few town militias.

Before them, in 1784, the English chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish had discovered that air contains a small proportion of a substance less reactive than nitrogen.

Before the advent of copyright, anonymous and pseudonymous publication was a common practice in the sixteenth century publishing world, and a passage in the Arte of English Poesie ( 1589 ), the leading work of literary criticism of the Elizabethan period and an anonymously published work itself, mentions in passing that literary figures in the court who wrote " commendably well " circulated their poetry only among their friends, " as if it were a discredit for a gentleman to seem learned " ( Book 1, Chapter 8 ).

Before the contemporary period, the most significant scholar of Proclus in the English speaking world was Thomas Taylor, who produced English translations of most of his works, with commentaries.

Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, and usually referred to the description or study of the useful arts.

Before initial contact ( 1650 ), the English, based on reports from Algonquian natives, thought the three tribes were one people, grouped by the Algonquian exonym as the Mangoag.

" Before and after the English Bill of Rights, the government could always disarm any individual or class of individuals it considered dangerous to the peace of the realm.

* 1264 – Before May – Second Barons ' War, an English civil war, begins.

Before the Battle of Agincourt, victory looks uncertain, and the young king's heroic character emerges in his decision to wander around the English camp at night, in disguise, so as to comfort his soldiers and determine what they really think of him.

Hofstadter later recognized ( what he saw as ) the influence of Darwinist and other evolutionary ideas upon those with collectivist views, enough to devise a term for the phenomenon, “ Darwinist collectivism .” Before Hofstadter's work the use of the term in English academic journals was quite rare.

Before Charles's restoration, the Navigation Acts of 1650 had hurt Dutch trade by giving English vessels a monopoly, and had started the First Dutch War ( 1652 – 1654 ).

Before his execution, Keitel published Mein Leben: Pflichterfüllung bis zum Untergang: Hitlers Feldmarschall und Chef des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht in Selbstzeugnissen, otherwise known in English as In the Service of the Reich, and was later re-edited as The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel by Walter Görlitz from a translation by David Irving as the author in 1965.

Before the Spaniards return, an English ship appears ; mutineers have commandeered the vessel and intend to maroon their captain on the island.

Before writing A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Henry Fowler and his younger brother, Francis George Fowler ( 1871 – 1918 ), wrote and revised The King's English ( 1906 ), a grammar and usage guide later superseded by this book in the 1930s.

Before 1991, the city was usually spelled Ashkabad in English, a transliteration of the Russian form, which was itself from the original Persian form.

Before 1921, the race was run in the clockwise tradition of English racing.

Before 1881, when Charles Daniel Dance wrote his Chapters From a Guianese Log-book, he noticed, The children all talked a Dutch patois besides the Arawak Indian tongue ; and with a Dutch teacher to instruct them, it is not difficult to conceive the manner in which they read their English lessons.

Before the advent of Christianity, the Midsummer festival in Finland, today known as Juhannus after John the Baptist ( Finnish: Johannes Kastaja ), was held in honor of Ukko and called Ukon juhla ( English: Festival of Ukko ).

Before 2009 – 10, the playoffs format was identical to that of the English Premiership with the exception of neutral sites for the semifinals.

In addition to conflicts between his Spanish and German inheritances, conflicts of religion would be another source of tension during the reign of Charles V. Before Charles even began his reign in the Holy Roman Empire, in 1517, Martin Luther initiated what would later be known as the Reformation.

Before the Protestant Reformation, Latin was almost exclusively utilized but it was understood by only the most literate.

Before the Reformation they had finally disappeared, and in 1616 the lands they once held were annexed to the See of St. Andrews.

Before the Reformation, the lordship of the manor of Cheltenham had been held by the Abbess of Syon.

Before the Protestant Reformation, church leaders ( the bishops ) were universally understood to gain their authority through apostolic succession via the Sacrament of Ordination.

Before the English Reformation, the liturgy was conducted entirely in Latin, to which the common people listened passively except twice a year during Communion, when only the consecrated bread was administered.

Before the Reformation, Ferryhill belonged to the Priory of Durham and was a thriving agricultural concern.

Before the Protestant Reformation Viborg was the home of five monasteries, about 12 parish churches, several chapels and of course the cathedral.

Before the Reformation no theologian ever thought of denying the necessity of contrition for the forgiveness of sin.

Before the Reformation in Highland Scotland, the religious leader of a parish was the priest and the parson was the steward of church property, responsible for the collection of tithes.

Before the Reformation, the Netherlands formed part of the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire and followed their religions.

Before the Reformation, the Cathedral was presided over by the Bishop of Orkney, whose seat was in Kirkwall.

Before the break with papal authority in the 16th century, the Church of England was an integral part of the Western European church.

Before the current positive era of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox dialogues, Chalcedonians sometimes used to call the non-Chalcedonians " monophysites ", though the Coptic Orthodox Church in reality regards monophysitism as a heresy.

Before the advent of government-funded public schools, the primary mode of education for those of the lower classes was the charity school, pioneered during the 19th century by Protestant organizations and adapted for use by the Roman Catholic Church and governmental bodies.

* Canon 22: Before prescribing for the sick, physicians shall be bound under pain of exclusion from the Church, to exhort their patients to call in a priest, and thus provide for their spiritual welfare.

Before the commencement of the Holy Liturgy, the bishop-elect professes, in the middle of the church before the seated bishops who will consecrate him, in detail the doctrines of the Orthodox Christian Faith and pledges to observe the canons of the Apostles and Councils, the Typikon and customs of the Orthodox Church and to obey ecclesiastical authority.

Before 1100, the Catholic Church had already suppressed heresy, usually through a system of ecclesiastical proscription or imprisonment, but without using torture

Before they reached the city, however, the remains were seized by some citizens of Ravenna and buried there in the Church of Santa Maria Rotonda, the burial place of Theodoric the Great.

Before his elevation to the papacy, Sinibaldo was Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church ( 1226 – 27 ), being created Cardinal Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina on 18 September 1227 by Pope Gregory IX, later serving as governor of the March of Ancona from 1235 until 1240.

Before becoming Pope, he spent time at the then very liberal and cosmopolitan University of Padua, which maintained considerable independence from the Church and had a very international character.

Before entering Parliament he had already substituted a High Church Anglican attitude, with its dependence upon authority and tradition, for the evangelical outlook of his boyhood, with its reliance upon the direct inspiration of the Bible.

Before Jesus ascended, he charged John with watching over the newly established Church and he was a pillar at the Church of Jerusalem.

Before the Second Vatican Council, per the pronouncements of the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church officially referred to Protestants and other non-Roman Catholic Christians as " heretics " not having hope of salvation outside of the " Church of Rome ".

Before the Second Vatican Council Pentecost Monday as well was a Holy Day of Obligation during which the Catholic Church addressed the newly baptized and confirmed.

Before the Council of Trent in the 16th century, the Catholic Church in Western Europe had a wide variety of rituals for the celebration of Mass.

Before 1800, its free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ), the first independent black denomination in the country, and the first black Episcopal Church.

Before the 18th century, the belief of many, including the Church Fathers Papias ( c. 60-130 ), Irenaeus ( c. 130-200 ), Origen ( c. 185-254 ), Eusebius ( c. 260-340 ) Jerome ( c. 340-420 ), and Augustine of Hippo ( c. 354-430 ), had been that Matthew was the first gospel to be written.

Before 1508 he had painted several altar-pieces for the Castle Church at Wittenberg in competition with Albrecht Dürer, Hans Burgkmair and others ; the duke and his brother John were portrayed in various attitudes and a number of his best woodcuts and copper-plates were published.

Before that, the Eastern Church had kept January 6 as the Nativity under the name " Epiphany.

Before the identity of Lorton, the commercial center was Colchester and the spiritual and historical center of the community around which the leading citizens of the time revolved was Pohick Church.

Before his own conversion in his thirties following a nervous breakdown in the Army, as she explains, " My father was Protestant Church of Ireland, and my mother was Unitarian up to the age of 20 when she abandoned it.

Before then the school was housed within Christ Church itself.

Before her trip to Lebanon she visited Derry on one of her last official engagements to Northern Ireland, becoming the inaugural speaker at the first Conversations Across Walls and Borders event in First Derry Presbyterian Church.