Before Maimonides concluded this, Sunni Muslims officially prohibited mutah ( i. e. temporary marriage ) relationships ; some commentators ' suggest that Maimonides changed his view in response to this development, similar to Gershom ben Judah's ban on polygamy being made after Christians had prohibited it.

Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography ( see below ), the study of crystals was based on their geometry.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having " a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides ".

Before 1850 Germany lagged behind the leaders in industrial development, Britain, France and Belgium.

Before 1850 Germany lagged far behind the leaders in industrial development – Britain, France, and Belgium.

Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans.

Before the development of practical electronic TV, there were patents on mechanically scanned color systems as early as 1889 in Russia.

Before the development of the transformer, electric power distribution primarily used direct current at the same voltage used by motors and lights.

Before the development cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand.

Before reclamation and development, the low-lying areas around this hill were largely marsh or tidal wetland, giving the hill much more the appearance of a " ness " than today.

Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions.

Before the official development tools were released, most map development was done using aging tools such as Pfhorte-a Marathon map editor created in March 1995 by Steve Israelson.

Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent.

Before much development flying could be done, however, the tailplane failed due to flutter in a diving test on 20 September.

Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide.

Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper ( I ) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

Before this development, firearms used flintlock ignition systems which produced flint-on-steel sparks to ignite a pan of priming powder and thereby fire the gun's main powder charge ( the flintlock mechanism replaced older ignition systems such as the matchlock and wheellock ).

Before the development of digital computing, serious trials based on automata such as El Ajedrecista of 1912, were too complex and limited to be useful for playing full games of chess.

Before a segment's narrative pattern was complete, an overall color scheme was designed to the general mood of the music, and patterned to correspond with the development of the subject matter.

The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force's core values of " Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence in All We Do ", and based on four " pillars of excellence ": military training, academics, athletics and character development.

Before the first small farm homes had been sold, Bud Wright's wife, Emily Vose Wright, a deeply religious woman, had christened the development Zelzah, a Biblical name for " oasis ," or " watering place in the desert.

Before tract development, beginning in the early 1970s, Lawrenceville was broadly defined as stretching two to three blocks back from Route 206.

Before 630 million years ago, boundaries on the geologic timescale are defined simply by reference to fixed dates, known as " Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages ".

In geologic time scale, the rocks found in the state date from the oligocene epoch ( approximately 34 to 23 million years ago ) to the holocene epoch ( started 12, 000 Before Present ), according to lithostratigraphy data published by the Geological Survey of India.

Before stating a precise definition of free variable and bound variable, the following are some examples that perhaps make these two concepts clearer than the definition would:

Before the launch of Nokia's first in-house N-Gage title, Pathway to Glory, a one level demo of the game was released to journalists to allow them to sample the game, and understand the concepts behind the turn based wargame.

Before his departure from Team Ninja, Itagaki stated in November 2006 that he had the first play concepts in mind, but in a May 2008 interview he said about the Dead or Alive series: " This is another area that my closest colleagues and I all agree that we were able to achieve the definitive fighting game with DOA4.

Before the company shut down, Shooter intended to integrate the concepts from Defiant Comics into the Broadway Comics continuity.

Before 1943, the concepts in genetic equilibrium that are known today as the Hardy-Weinberg principle had been known as " Hardy's law " or " Hardy's formula " in English language texts.

Before the sale of its two biggest concepts in 2008, the company ’ s annual sales surpassed $ 120 million.

Before making a prediction about reciprocation or compensation, however, you must evaluate EVT ’ s three core concepts: expectancy, violation valence, and communicator reward valence.

`` Before then, my sales during much of the year had lagged behind 1960 by 20% '', he says.

Before the election Lincoln served as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War.

Before and during his political career, Disraeli was well known as a literary and social figure, although his novels are not generally regarded as a part of the Victorian literary canon.

Before the thirteenth century, beer was flavoured with plants such as yarrow, wild rosemary, and bog myrtle, and other ingredients such as juniper berries, aniseed and ginger, which would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used ; between the thirteenth and the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer flavoured with gruit was known as ale, while beer flavoured with hops was known as beer.

Before, during and after his career as a bureaucrat Karmal was a leading member of the Afghan movement.

Before that, it was about 7 censuses, most part of these previous censuses was undertaken during Soviet ( USSR ) control.

Lieutenant General Ēmile Janssens, the FP commander, wrote during a meeting of soldiers that ' Before independence = After Independence ', pouring cold water on the soldiers ' desires for an immediate raise in their status.

Before the vote to award franchises in 1959, Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games.

Before his death in 1987, Kaye demonstrated his ability to conduct an orchestra during a comical, but technically sound, series of concerts organized for UNICEF fundraising.

Before the Israeli military occupied Sinai during the June 1967 War ( Arab-Israeli war, also known as the Six-Day War ), a single Egyptian governorate administered the whole peninsula.

Before the advent of government-funded public schools, the primary mode of education for those of the lower classes was the charity school, pioneered during the 19th century by Protestant organizations and adapted for use by the Roman Catholic Church and governmental bodies.

Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics ( especially during the 1920s ) had the same status as the World Cup.

Before a new employee could rise to the level of mastery, he had to go through a schooling period during which he was first called an apprentice.

Before the assembled cardinals and delegations could engage in theological discussion, they had to decide how to sit during the proceedings.

All Genoshan mutants leave for Asteroid M. Before long, the country is taken over by Magneto who is ready to declare war on humanity with the Genoshan mutants by his side, following an attack on Professor X during an anti-mutant summit.

In addition to conflicts between his Spanish and German inheritances, conflicts of religion would be another source of tension during the reign of Charles V. Before Charles even began his reign in the Holy Roman Empire, in 1517, Martin Luther initiated what would later be known as the Reformation.

Before and during World War II, when Japan occupied Korea, Taiwan, parts of China, the Philippines, and various Pacific islands, locals in those countries learned Japanese as the language of the empire.

Before Jack and I moved to Montreal, we had just been through some very rough treatment in the racially biased South during spring training in Florida.

These were interrupted by service in the U. S. Army Signal Corps during World War II, where he worked as a codebreaker and participated in the landing at Casablanca. Before leaving for Europe in 1943, Greenberg married Selma Berkowitz, whom he had met during his first year at Columbia.

< gallery caption =" Before, during, and after the war " widths =" 180px " heights =" 150px " perrow =" 3 ">

Before the rise of Christianity, the pseudepigrapha of Enochic Judaism, which enjoyed much popularity during the Second Temple period, gave Satan an expanded role.

Before leaving Prestige, however, Davis had to fulfill his obligations during two days of recording sessions in 1956.

Before the 1976 season, the Giants tried to revive a weak offense by replacing retired RB Ron Johnson with future HOF fullback Larry Csonka, but Csonka was often injured and ineffective during his 3 years in New York.

Before and during the Civil War, the Ohio River was called the " River Jordan " by slaves crossing it to escape to freedom in the North via the Underground Railroad.