Before Maimonides concluded this, Sunni Muslims officially prohibited mutah ( i. e. temporary marriage ) relationships ; some commentators ' suggest that Maimonides changed his view in response to this development, similar to Gershom ben Judah's ban on polygamy being made after Christians had prohibited it.

Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography ( see below ), the study of crystals was based on their geometry.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having " a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides ".

Before 1850 Germany lagged behind the leaders in industrial development, Britain, France and Belgium.

Before 1850 Germany lagged far behind the leaders in industrial development – Britain, France, and Belgium.

Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans.

Before the development of practical electronic TV, there were patents on mechanically scanned color systems as early as 1889 in Russia.

Before the development of the transformer, electric power distribution primarily used direct current at the same voltage used by motors and lights.

Before the development cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand.

Before reclamation and development, the low-lying areas around this hill were largely marsh or tidal wetland, giving the hill much more the appearance of a " ness " than today.

Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions.

Before the official development tools were released, most map development was done using aging tools such as Pfhorte-a Marathon map editor created in March 1995 by Steve Israelson.

Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent.

Before the development of geologic concepts during the 19th century, the presence of mountains was explained in Christian contexts as a result of the Biblical Deluge.

Before much development flying could be done, however, the tailplane failed due to flutter in a diving test on 20 September.

Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide.

Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper ( I ) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

Before the development of digital computing, serious trials based on automata such as El Ajedrecista of 1912, were too complex and limited to be useful for playing full games of chess.

Before a segment's narrative pattern was complete, an overall color scheme was designed to the general mood of the music, and patterned to correspond with the development of the subject matter.

The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force's core values of " Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence in All We Do ", and based on four " pillars of excellence ": military training, academics, athletics and character development.

Before the first small farm homes had been sold, Bud Wright's wife, Emily Vose Wright, a deeply religious woman, had christened the development Zelzah, a Biblical name for " oasis ," or " watering place in the desert.

Before tract development, beginning in the early 1970s, Lawrenceville was broadly defined as stretching two to three blocks back from Route 206.

Before the introduction of firearms, bows or crossbows were often used — Saint Sebastian is usually depicted as executed by a squad of Roman auxiliary archers in around 288 AD ; King Edmund the Martyr of East Anglia, by some accounts, was tied to a tree and shot dead by Viking archers on 20 November 869 or 870 AD.

Before the era of firearms, these nomads were militarily superior to the agricultural states on the periphery of the Eurasian continent and, if they broke out into the plains of northern India or the valleys of China, were all but unstoppable.

Before 1996, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia all had different laws, in Queensland long guns were not registered ; however, the owners of firearms were required to be licenced from 1988, and licences were only introduced for long guns in Tasmania in 1991.

Before the 2010 federal election, Labor issued a statement recognising the legitimacy of the shooting sports and asserting that our firearms legislation is to protect both " the freedom of Australia's law-abiding sporting shooters and of the wider community.

Before a police officer can apply to join the firearms unit, they are required to have completed their two year probationary period.

Before we built the new jail, we used to keep prisoners in here overnight sometimes when the old jail got too crowded.

Before the mention of Alemanni in the time of Caracalla, you would search in vain for Alemanni in the moderately detailed geography of southern Germany in Claudius Ptolemy, written in Greek in the mid-2nd century ; it is likely that at that time, the people who later used that name were known by other designations.

Before the enactment of the metric system, many countries in Europe used their own official acres.

Before the towed artillery can be used, it has to stop, unlimber and set up the guns.

In his Rudolphine Tables ( 1627 ), Johannes Kepler used a prototype of year zero which he labeled Christi ( Christ ) between years labeled Ante Christum ( Before Christ ) and Post Christum ( After Christ ) on the mean motion tables for the Sun, Moon, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus and Mercury.

Before the 16th century, harvest was the term usually used to refer to the season, as it is common in other West Germanic languages to this day ( cf.

Before the invention of electronic amplifiers, mechanically coupled carbon microphones were also used as amplifiers in telephone repeaters for long distance service.

Before the mid-1960s, computers were extremely expensive and used only for special-purpose tasks.

Before the thirteenth century, beer was flavoured with plants such as yarrow, wild rosemary, and bog myrtle, and other ingredients such as juniper berries, aniseed and ginger, which would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used ; between the thirteenth and the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer flavoured with gruit was known as ale, while beer flavoured with hops was known as beer.

* Before Christ, an epoch used in dating years prior to the estimated birth of Jesus

Before that, ancestors had used the patronymic naming system of Scandinavian countries: his father was named Ingemarsson after his father Ingemar Bengtsson.

Before being released back into the river, the used water was held in large tanks known as retention basins for up to six hours.

Before the 1970s, community colleges in the United States were more commonly referred to as junior colleges, and that term is still used at some institutions.

" (" Antes da Era Comum ", Before Common Era ) is generally used.

Before the current positive era of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox dialogues, Chalcedonians sometimes used to call the non-Chalcedonians " monophysites ", though the Coptic Orthodox Church in reality regards monophysitism as a heresy.

Before Caldwell, the word was traditionally used to designate the Tamil language and people, and vaguely the people of South India.

Before the advent of computer filter synthesis tools, graphical tools such as Bode plots and Nyquist plots were extensively used as design tools.

Before the 20th century, jewelers used the term water as in " a gem of the finest water " to express the combination of two qualities, color and crystal.

Before 1941, commercially successful color processes used special cameras loaded with black-and-white separation stocks rather than color negative.

Before the apparition of the first gospel, the gospel of Mark which was probably written around the years 65 – 70, Paul the Apostle used the term gospel when he reminded the people of the church at Corinth " of the gospel I preached to you " ( 1 Corinthians 15. 1 ).

Before the introduction of UTC on 1 January 1972 Greenwich Mean Time ( also known as Zulu time ) was the same as Universal Time ( UT ) which is a standard astronomical concept used in many technical fields.

Before its acquisition by Google, the gmail. com domain name was used by a free e-mail service offered by Garfield. com, online home of the comic strip Garfield.

Before joining NASA as a member of the first group of scientist-astronauts in June 1965, he worked at the U. S. Geological Survey's Astrogeology Center at Flagstaff, Arizona, developing geological field techniques that would be used by the Apollo crews.