Before Maimonides concluded this, Sunni Muslims officially prohibited mutah ( i. e. temporary marriage ) relationships ; some commentators ' suggest that Maimonides changed his view in response to this development, similar to Gershom ben Judah's ban on polygamy being made after Christians had prohibited it.

Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography ( see below ), the study of crystals was based on their geometry.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having " a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides ".

Before 1850 Germany lagged behind the leaders in industrial development, Britain, France and Belgium.

Before 1850 Germany lagged far behind the leaders in industrial development – Britain, France, and Belgium.

Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans.

Before the development of the transformer, electric power distribution primarily used direct current at the same voltage used by motors and lights.

Before the development cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand.

Before reclamation and development, the low-lying areas around this hill were largely marsh or tidal wetland, giving the hill much more the appearance of a " ness " than today.

Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions.

Before the official development tools were released, most map development was done using aging tools such as Pfhorte-a Marathon map editor created in March 1995 by Steve Israelson.

Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent.

Before the development of geologic concepts during the 19th century, the presence of mountains was explained in Christian contexts as a result of the Biblical Deluge.

Before much development flying could be done, however, the tailplane failed due to flutter in a diving test on 20 September.

Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide.

Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper ( I ) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

Before this development, firearms used flintlock ignition systems which produced flint-on-steel sparks to ignite a pan of priming powder and thereby fire the gun's main powder charge ( the flintlock mechanism replaced older ignition systems such as the matchlock and wheellock ).

Before the development of digital computing, serious trials based on automata such as El Ajedrecista of 1912, were too complex and limited to be useful for playing full games of chess.

Before a segment's narrative pattern was complete, an overall color scheme was designed to the general mood of the music, and patterned to correspond with the development of the subject matter.

The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force's core values of " Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence in All We Do ", and based on four " pillars of excellence ": military training, academics, athletics and character development.

Before the first small farm homes had been sold, Bud Wright's wife, Emily Vose Wright, a deeply religious woman, had christened the development Zelzah, a Biblical name for " oasis ," or " watering place in the desert.

Before tract development, beginning in the early 1970s, Lawrenceville was broadly defined as stretching two to three blocks back from Route 206.

Before the Bessemer process, Britain had no practical method of reducing the carbon content of pig iron.

Before the Industrial Revolution, the most common pressure measurement device was a hydrostatic manometer, which is not practical for measuring high pressures.

Before they lost southern parts of the province to Yakub Beg in 1863, their practical authority, as Ney Elias and Younghusband consistently maintained, had never extended south of their outposts at Sanju and Kilian along the northern foothills of the Kun Lun range.

Before long, IBM had the best-selling personal computer in the world and at least two of the next-best sellers were, for practical purposes, identical.

Before action could be taken, certain practical considerations had to be addressed.

Before Kodachrome film was marketed, color photography had been achieved using additive methods and materials such as Autochrome and Dufaycolor, which were the first practical color processes.

Before digital recording became practical, instruments such as the phonogene ( 1950s ) and the Mellotron ( 1960s ) used analog tape decks to play back sampled sounds.

Before the HP-35, the only practical portable devices for performing trigonometric and exponential functions were slide rules.

Before stereo soundtracks, film sound was of such low fidelity that only the dialogue and occasional sound effects were practical.

Before long a group of young candidates came into residence for full-time study and practical training.

Before 1998, Carriere was Technical Staff Member at Carnegie Mellon's Software Engineering Institute leading the technical efforts there in practical software architectural reconstruction and analysis.

Before the development of practical video tape, programme makers such as the BBC developed the technology to record programmes — either live or for prerecording — from specially adapted monitors with a film camera.

Before the railroad, wagon or pole barge was the only practical method of bringing the coal from the remote region to market.

He said, " Before the war started I switched to opposition on practical grounds ( i. e., that George W. Bush's approach was incapable of accomplishing the goals it was meant to accomplish ).

Before long, Laynez was recognized as exceptional – one of the first practical consequences was that he was allowed to preach in Trent when not on Council business, whereas the general rule forbade preaching by conciliar theologians.

Before then, a regiment's colours were practical tools for rallying troops in the battle field and not quite something for displaying the unit's past distinctions.

) Before it had been assumed that the bomb itself would require many tons of uranium, implying that it was theoretically possible, but not a practical military device.

Before the invention of electronic amplifiers, mechanically coupled carbon microphones were also used as amplifiers in telephone repeaters for long distance service.

Before the invention of the integrated circuit in 1959, electronic circuits were constructed from discrete components that could be manipulated by humans.

Note that complete electronic copies of the Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10 are available online, as are most of the other proceedings from the Nuremberg Trials.

Before the electronic age, the RGB color model already had a solid theory behind it, based in human perception of colors.

Before cable-ready TV sets became common in the late 1980s, an electronic tuning device called a cable converter box was needed to receive the additional analog cable TV channels and transpose or convert the selected channel to analog radio frequency ( RF ) for viewing on a regular TV set on a single channel, usually VHF channel 3 or 4.

Before the introduction of digital electronic high-impedance analog transistor and field effect transistor ( FETs ) voltmeters were used.

Before the invention of electronic amplifiers, mechanically coupled carbon microphones were used as amplifiers in telephone repeaters.

Before the time of electronic equipment the way of communicating on the battlefield was to use either drums, trumpets or flags.

Minuit, a New Zealand electronic band, released a song called " Aotearoa " on their album Find Me Before I Die A Lonely Death. com.

Before modern electronic telephone switching systems came into use, dial tones were usually generated by electromechanical means ; in the United States, the standard " city " dial tone consisted of a 600 Hz tone amplitude-modulated at 120 Hz.

Before the early 1970s, hand-held electronic calculators were not yet in widespread use.

Before digital music synthesizers became common, at least some analog synthesizers ( such as the ARP 2600 ) used analog multipliers for this purpose ; they were closely related to those used in electronic analog computers.

Before the mass production of automatic overdrive transmissions and electronic fuel injection, the traditional front engine / rear wheel drive layout was being phased out for the more efficient and / or integrated front engine / front wheel drive, starting with compact cars.

Much of it has an electronic sound, mostly influenced by the ' 80s rock scene, but it also includes blues songs like " Before You Accuse Me ," " Running On Faith ," and " Hard Times.

Before the advent of the diesel model, the electronic ignition, 1124cc high compression engined Super E, ( later renamed 11RE ) with high gearing, was the best seller in the range.

Before the album was released, Mana indicated that the sound would be the beginning of a renewed direction for the band, possibly more integrated towards electronic music.

Before the exchanges were replaced, some Director exchanges had the Director equipment replaced by electronic directors using CMOS technology which controlled the step ( Strowger ) switches in the exchange, with economies in space and maintenance.

Before the advent of electronic switching systems, directors were commonly used in areas of the city served by GTE.

Before electronic oscilloscopes, this device was used for analyzing sounds waves.

Before their collaboration, starting in 1965, electronic music was considered to be purely avant-garde.

Before Flashpoint, much like Nightwing and other members of the Bat-Family, Roy's suit is capable of emitting an electronic pulse.

Before the advent of electronic computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical devices called unit record equipment, electric accounting machines ( EAM ) or tabulating machines.

Before electronic light sensitive elements were developed, photometry was done by estimation by the eye.

Before the use of electronic transfers of payments became the norm in the United Kingdom the fortnightly ' giro ' payment was the normal way of distributing benefit payments.