Before the end of the Civil War and the introduction of the 1662 prayer book, something like a half a million prayer books are estimated to have been in circulation.

Before this, the pests were manually collected by humans, so the introduction of the toad eliminated labor costs.

Before the introduction of UTC on 1 January 1972 Greenwich Mean Time ( also known as Zulu time ) was the same as Universal Time ( UT ) which is a standard astronomical concept used in many technical fields.

Before James Brown appeared on stage, his personal MC gave him an elaborate introduction accompanied by drumrolls, as the MC worked in Brown's various sobriquets along with the names of many of his hit songs.

Before the introduction of the term paraphilia in the DSM-III ( 1980 ), the term sexual deviation was used to refer to paraphilias in the first two editions of the manual.

Before the introduction of postage stamps, mail in the UK was paid for by the recipient, a system that was associated with an irresolvable problem: the costs of delivering mail were not recoverable by the postal service when recipients were unable or unwilling to pay for delivered items, and senders had no incentive to restrict the number, size, or weight of items sent, whether or not they would ultimately be paid for.

Before the introduction of the compass, celestial navigation was the main method for navigation at sea.

Before the introduction of western cookware it was often used for all cooking techniques including:

Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server.

Before the introduction of postal codes in Norway in 1968, it was easy to confuse the name Kristiansund with Kristiansand in the south.

Shortly after his introduction to Guy Chambers, Williams released " Old Before I Die " which would be the first single taken from his début album.

Before the introduction of digital electronic high-impedance analog transistor and field effect transistor ( FETs ) voltmeters were used.

Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide.

Before the introduction of the mumps vaccine, the mumps virus was the leading cause of viral meningoencephalitis in the United States.

Before the introduction of a vaccine, the mortality of the severe form of smallpox — variola major — was very high.

Before the recent introduction of SystemVerilog, C ++ integration with a logic simulator was one of the few ways to use OOP in hardware verification.

Before the introduction of icebreakers, navigation was halted in the winter.

Before the introduction, Stanley has a private conversation with Buckley, and is pleased to learn that the young man is the head of a small company and that he is capable of providing a comfortable life for Kay.

** Before the introduction of rollfilm, folding plate cameras with limited movements as described here were often used ; an example is the Goerz Taro-Tenax 9x12cm.

Before the introduction of firearms, bows or crossbows were often used — Saint Sebastian is usually depicted as executed by a squad of Roman auxiliary archers in around 288 AD ; King Edmund the Martyr of East Anglia, by some accounts, was tied to a tree and shot dead by Viking archers on 20 November 869 or 870 AD.

Before its market introduction, the 1201 was renamed 8008, following the new naming convention started with the 4001 / 2 / 3 / 4.

Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using Pallava, Kawi and Rencong script and these are still in use today by the Champa Malay in Vietnam and Cambodia.

Before the introduction of the iPad, Axiotron introduced the Modbook, a heavily modified Apple MacBook, Mac OS X-based tablet computer at Macworld in 2007.

Before the introduction of gas generally in the parish there was a limited supply from the Mill to separate houses.

Before the 1988 NFL season, the team moved to Tempe, Arizona, a college town suburb of Phoenix, and played their home games for the next 18 years at Arizona State University's Sun Devil Stadium.

Before the song, a clearly distraught Love dedicated the performance to Cobain, Pfaff, Joe Cole, and River Phoenix, all of whom had recently died.

On September 3, 2009, months upon the release of Before I Self Destruct, Jackson posted a video for the Soundkillers ' Phoenix produced track " Flight 187 " which introduced his mixtape, the 50th LAW, and was also featured as a bonus track on his iTunes release of Before I Self Destruct.

Before and during the Vietnam War, Colby served as Chief of Station in Saigon, Chief of the CIA's Far East Division, and head of the Civil Operations and Rural Development effort, as well as overseeing the Phoenix Program.

Before this claim could be ratified, Malekith murdered Bel-Shanaar and claimed the Phoenix King had killed himself.

Before the Deer Valley and Mesa locations opened, Phoenix was over away from the nearest Culver ’ s in Colorado Springs.

120 days, Aaron, Abd Al Malik, Acoustic Ladyland, Adamo, Adrienne Pauly, Agoria, Akli D, Akron Family, Alexander Kowalski, Amon Tobin, Babet, Beat Assailant, Benjy Ferree, Bloc Party, Brigitte Fontaine, Bromheads Jacket, Bunny Wailer, Capleton, Cassius, Cold War Kids, Death Before Disco, Deerhoof, Dub Incorporation, Dubmood, Eiffel, Elista, Emily Loizeau, Enter Shikari, Ephel Duath, Erik Truffaz Quartet, Exson Valdes, Feist, Florent Marchet, Francesco Tristano Schlimé, Galaxy Naast, Goose, Gotan Project, Guns of Brixton, Hommage à Ali Farka Touré avec Hamadoun Tandina & Amadou Bagayoko, Herman Düne, Improvisators Dub & Iration Steppas, Ivan Smagghe, J. Tillman, Jacques Higelin, Jamika, Jeanne Cherhal, Jesse Sykes, Joan As Police Woman, Joanna Newsom, Joeystarr, Julie Doiron, Juliette Gréco, Just Jack, Justice, Katel, Khalid K, Kruger, Laurent Korcia, Les Fatals Picards, Plastiscines, L ' Oiseau Bleu, Loney Dear, Mademoiselle K, Malouma, Mamani Keita, Manimal, Mano Solo, Marie Cherrier, Maxïmo Park, Mayra Andrade, Metronomy, Mick Est Tout Seul, Miossec, Missill, Mitsoura, Mystic revelation of rastafari, Nadj, Nelson, Nosfell, Olivia Ruiz, Oxmo Puccino and The Jazzbastards, Pave, Peter Bjorn & John, Peter von Poehl, Phoenix, Pierre Lapointe, Pravda, Riké, Rocé, Rose, Sanseverino, Seb Martel, Shannon Wright, Sikth, Sleepytime Gorilla Museum, Socalled, Son Of Dave Syrano, Tekel, The Automatic, John Butler Trio, The John Venture, The Konki Duet, The Procussions, The Rakes, Third World, Tinariwen, Transmission 0, TTC, Yelle, Daddy Longlegs ( Découverte du Printemps )

Before joining Phoenix Force, he worked for the Mossad, Israel's intelligence unit.

Before returning to California, Vicky worked with KSAZ in Phoenix, Arizona, and " became the Biggest Little Reporter in the World " while with KOLO in Reno, Nevada.

Before joining the Blues, he was the color commentator for the Phoenix Coyotes.

Before Extra and KTTV, Gina worked for KNXV, the ABC affiliate in Phoenix.

Before owning the Phoenix Club, Brian is noted to say he once ran the Barracuda Club in Lincoln, one of many places Peter Kay started doing his comedy routine in, standing on a crate.

* Before the 2007 season, she was traded again to the Phoenix Mercury

Before becoming a major league manager, he managed several higher-level minor league clubs, including the Atlanta Crackers, Hollywood Stars, Phoenix Giants and Rochester Red Wings, and served as a pitching coach for the Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates.

Before Daniel can turn off the holograms, an alarm sounds, indicating an imminent missile attack.

Before imaging infrared sensors there was also the question of sensor modulation ; earlier seekers used amplitude modulation ( AM ) to determine how far off-center the target was and thus how hard the missile had to turn to center it, but this led to increased error as the missile approached the target and the target's image became relatively larger ( creating an artificially stronger signal ).

Before the Slitheen could receive the launch codes, the Ninth Doctor arranged for a Harpoon missile to demolish 10 Downing Street, ending the scheme and killing all but one of them who managed to escape through an emergency teleport.