Before 1938, the federal courts, like almost all other common law courts, decided the law on any issue where the relevant legislature ( either the U. S. Congress or state legislature, depending on the issue ), had not acted, by looking to courts in the same system, that is, other federal courts, even on issues of state law, and even where there was no express grant of authority from Congress or the Constitution.

Before the Congress opened on 13 June, negotiations between Andrássy and the British Foreign Secretary Marquess of Salisbury had already " ended on 6 June by Britain agreeing to all the Austrian proposals relative to Bosnia-Herzegovina about to come before the congress while Austria would support British demands.

Before Corea completed a draft of the Nicaragua proposal, Congress was considering the Spooner Act, to authorize the Panama Canal.

Before 1972, Zambia had three significant political parties — UNIP, the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, and the United Progressive Party ( UPP ).

Before the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) was created, nuclear regulation was the responsibility of the AEC, which Congress first established in the Atomic Energy Act of 1946.

Before the RTAA, if Congress wanted to establish a lower tariff for particular imports, it would act unilaterally, taking the foreign country ’ s tariff rate as fixed.

Before statehood he represented Virginia in the Continental Congress ( 1777 – 78 ) and the U. S. Congress ( 1789 – 91 ).

Before the Communications Act of 1934 was enacted as law by the U. S. Congress, there was a debate over commercial versus non-commercial broadcasting: Senators Robert Wagner of New York and Henry Hatfield of West Virginia offered an amendment to the then proposed Communications Act.

Before he transferred power to a younger generation of leaders, Jiang had his theory of Three Represents written into the Party's constitution, alongside Marxism – Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, and Deng Xiaoping Theory at the 16th CPC Congress in 2002.

Before Juárez fled, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865, when his term expired, and last until 1867, when the last of Maximilian's forces were defeated.

Before being disfranchised by the Democrats ' passage in 1899 of a new state constitution that included discriminatory provisions, black citizens elected four African Americans to the US Congress from North Carolina's 2nd congressional district in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

Before the opening of the 14th National Congress of the CPC in 1992, the Party's senior leaders, including Deng and Chen Yun, were to select candidates for the Politburo Standing Committee to ensure a smooth transition of power from the so-called second-generation leaders ( Deng, Chen, Li Xiannian, Wang Zhen, etc.

The Plight of the Montagnards: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Relations, Original from the Library of Congress.

Before the enactment of the current statute previous Acts of Congress ( the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 and 1886 ) dealt with the hypothesis of there being neither a President nor a Vice President able to discharge the powers of the presidency.

Before a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947, President Harry S. Truman stated, “ I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support the people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures .” That summer, Secretary of State George C. Marshall proposed a plan for the economic reconstruction of Europe that would further entrench the division.

Before becoming General Secretary he had been voted Gorbachev's Deputy General Secretary within the Party on 12 July 1990, a newly created position as a result of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party

Before he could act on it, he was dismissed from the Cabinet and, in response, resigned his memberships in the Congress Party and the Lok Sabha.

* Statement of Information, Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-Third Congress, Second Session, Pursuant to H. Res.

Before Congress enacted the ODA in 1983 only 38 drugs were approved in the USA specifically to treat orphan diseases.

Before joining Congress, Sherman was on staff at one of the nations ’ big-four CPA firms.

Before serving in Congress, Obey worked as a real estate broker.

Before his election to Congress, he served six years in the California State Assembly.

Before the opening of the 111th Congress, Emanuel accepted a position as White House Chief of Staff in the Obama Administration.

Before about 1860, most bay shores ( exception: rocky shores such as those in Carquinez Strait, along Marin shoreline, Point Richmond, Golden Gate area ) contained extensive wetlands that graded nearly invisibly from freshwater wetlands to salt marsh and then tidal mudflat.

Before Nice was returned to France in 1860, the Var marked the eastern border of France along the Mediterranean.

Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, whom Medill helped secure the Presidency in 1860.

Before the high court could make a decision, however, the Legislature took action on January 14, 1860, confirming the location of the county seat at Rolla.

Before the outbreak of Civil War, McClellan became active in politics, supporting the presidential campaign of Democrat Stephen A. Douglas in the 1860 election.

Before his death in 1861, Kuniyoshi was able to witness the opening of the port city of Yokohama to foreigners, and in 1860 produced two works depicting Westerners in the city ( Yokohama-e, ex.

Before her death in 1871, she bore Remond four children: Amy Matilda ( 1859 – 72 ), Charles Lenox, Jr. ( 1860 – 82 ), Wendell Phillips ( 1863 – 66 ), and Albert Ernest ( 1866 – 1903 ).

Before Kowloon was ceded to Britain in 1860, many villages were present in the area.

Before 1850 a lightly populated rural farming area, Llwynypia experienced a population boom between 1860 and 1920 with the sinking of several coal mines after the discovery of large coal deposits throughout the Rhondda Valleys.

Before 1840 such communities were known as " communist and socialist settlements "; by 1860 they were called " communitarian " and around 1920 the term " intentional community " was used.

Before the later signatories could put their names to the document, however, it found its way into the editorial offices of the Berliner Musik-Zeitung Echo, and from there was leaked to the Neue Zeitschrift itself, which parodied it on May 4, 1860.

Before the 1860 season, Creighton left the Star Club and joined one of the highest-profile clubs in the game at the time, Excelsior of Brooklyn.

Before the annexation of the County of Nice to France in 1860, the Nizzardo Italians spoke a dialect very similar to the Monégasque.

Before 1872, different states held elections at various times ; the first elections for the 37th Congress were held on August 6, 1860 in Arkansas and Missouri, while the last election took place in California on September 4, 1861, a year later.

Before the test flight the balloon was renamed the Great Western, on the advice of newspaperman Horace Greeley, to rival the maiden voyage of the steamship Great Eastern in the spring of 1860.

Before 1860, The English criminal law, as modified by several acts was administered in the Presidency-Towns of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.

Before 1860, this wreath consisted of laurel leaves, a traditional Neoclassical image, but beginning that year, the wreath was enlarged and was filled not only with leaves, but also traditional American agricultural products, such as corn and wheat.

* Before 1860: Mark is " Wedgwood ".