After the death of the founder the order was favoured and privileged by Benedict XI, and rapidly spread through Italy, Germany, Flanders, and France, where they were received by Philip the Fair in 1300.

* Pope Blessed Benedict XI

* Pope Benedict XI

* 1304 – Pope Benedict XI ( b. 1240 )

Blessed Pope Benedict XI ( 1240 – 7 July 1304 ), born Nicola Boccasini, was Pope from 22 October 1303 until his death.

Benedict XI was a Dominican and when he was made Master of the Order in 1296, he issued ordinances forbidding public questioning of the legitimacy of Boniface VIII's election on the part of any Dominican.

After a brief pontificate of eight months, Benedict XI died suddenly at Perugia.

At the time of the election of Benedict XI, however, this status was not recognized, and the man the Roman Catholic Church officially considers the tenth true Pope Benedict took the official number XI, rather than X.

Popes Benedict XI through XVI are, from an official point of view, the 10th through 15th popes by that name.

*" St. Benedict XI., Pope and Confessor ", Butler's Lives of the Saints

simple: Pope Benedict XI

At the time of Benedict's erection, however, this status was not recognized, thus the man the Roman Catholic Church officially considers the eleventh true Pope Benedict took the official number XII, rather than XI.

Following the death of Benedict XI in 1304, there was a year's interregnum occasioned by disputes between the French and Italian cardinals, who were nearly equally balanced in the conclave, which had to be held at Perugia.

He beatified Pope Pius V ( 1566 – 72 ), Francis Solano, and John of the Cross, all subsequently canonized by Clement XI and Pope Benedict XIII ( 1724 – 30 ).

The process of Innocent's beatification was introduced in 1741 by Benedict XIV and continued by Clement XI and Clement XII ; but French influence and the accusation of Jansenism caused it to be suspended in 1744.

** Pope Pius XI ( Achille Ratti ) succeeds Pope Benedict XV as the 259th pope.

Following the strife between Boniface VIII and Philip IV of France, and the death after only eight months of his successor Benedict XI, a deadlocked conclave finally elected Clement V, a Frenchman, as Pope in 1305.

After the conciliatory Papacy of Benedict XI ( 1303 – 04 ), Clement V ( 1305 – 1314 ) became the next pontiff.

* October 22 – Pope Benedict XI succeeds Pope Boniface VIII as the 194th pope.

* July 7 – Pope Benedict XI ( b. 1240 )

* June 5 – Pope Clement V, formerly the Archbishop of Bordeaux Bertrand de Got, succeeds Pope Benedict XI as the 195th pope.

This was most obvious in the ' Culture and Personality ' studies carried out by younger Boasians such as Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict.

Boas had planned for Ruth Benedict to succeed him as chair of Columbia's anthropology department, but she was sidelined by Ralph Linton, and Mead was limited to her offices at the AMNH.

By the Rule of St Benedict, which, until the Cluniac reforms, was the norm in the West, the abbot has jurisdiction over only one community.

When abbots dined in their own private hall, the Rule of St Benedict charged them to invite their monks to their table, provided there was room, on which occasions the guests were to abstain from quarrels, slanderous talk and idle gossiping.

He was one of the seven cardinals who, in May 1408, deserted Pope Gregory XII, and, with those following Antipope Benedict XIII from Avignon, convened the Council of Pisa, of which Cossa became the leader.

The aim of the council was to end the schism ; to this end they deposed Gregory XII and Benedict XIII and elected the new pope Alexander V in 1409.

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

The last remaining claimant in Avignon, Benedict XIII, refused to resign and was excommunicated.

This is corroborated by Benedict of Peterborough's graphic account of Greece, as it was in 1191, where he states that many of the islands were uninhabited from fear of pirates and that Aegina, along with Salamis and Makronesos, were their strongholds.

These followers, he says, are Constantinus, who succeeded Benedict as Abbot of Monte Cassino ; Valentinianus ; Simplicius ; and Honoratus, who was abbot of Subiaco when St Gregory wrote his Dialogues.

Benedict was the son of a Roman noble of Nursia, the modern Norcia, in Umbria.

On his way from Enfide, Benedict met a monk, Romanus of Subiaco, whose monastery was on the mountain above the cliff overhanging the cave.

Bede's first abbot was Benedict Biscop, and the names " Biscop " and " Beda " both appear in a king list of the kings of Lindsey from around 800, further suggesting that Bede came from a noble family.

At the age of seven, he was sent to the monastery of Monkwearmouth by his family to be educated by Benedict Biscop and later by Ceolfrith.

Both Benedict Biscop and Ceolfrith had acquired books from the Continent, and in Bede's day the monastery was a renowned centre of learning.

The monastery at Subiaco established in Italy by Saint Benedict of Nursia circa 529 was the first of a dozen monasteries founded by him.

The Rule of St. Benedict was promoted by various rulers of France, especially the House of Capet.

Meanwhile, under the direction of Benedict XIV ( pope 1740 – 1758 ), a special congregation collected much material for an official revision, but nothing was published.

This view was reinforced by Pope Benedict XIV, who ordered a ban on Chinese rituals.

The pope, as Bishop of Rome, may open a process and has the authority to waive the five year waiting period, as was done for Mother Teresa by Pope John Paul II, and for Lúcia Santos and for John Paul II himself by Pope Benedict XVI.

However, he was made a cardinal at the 24 March 2006 consistory anyway, as was announced by Pope Benedict XVI on 22 February 2006.