This was most obvious in the ' Culture and Personality ' studies carried out by younger Boasians such as Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict.

Boas had planned for Ruth Benedict to succeed him as chair of Columbia's anthropology department, but she was sidelined by Ralph Linton, and Mead was limited to her offices at the AMNH.

By the Rule of St Benedict, which, until the Cluniac reforms, was the norm in the West, the abbot has jurisdiction over only one community.

When abbots dined in their own private hall, the Rule of St Benedict charged them to invite their monks to their table, provided there was room, on which occasions the guests were to abstain from quarrels, slanderous talk and idle gossiping.

He was one of the seven cardinals who, in May 1408, deserted Pope Gregory XII, and, with those following Antipope Benedict XIII from Avignon, convened the Council of Pisa, of which Cossa became the leader.

The aim of the council was to end the schism ; to this end they deposed Gregory XII and Benedict XIII and elected the new pope Alexander V in 1409.

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

The last remaining claimant in Avignon, Benedict XIII, refused to resign and was excommunicated.

This is corroborated by Benedict of Peterborough's graphic account of Greece, as it was in 1191, where he states that many of the islands were uninhabited from fear of pirates and that Aegina, along with Salamis and Makronesos, were their strongholds.

These followers, he says, are Constantinus, who succeeded Benedict as Abbot of Monte Cassino ; Valentinianus ; Simplicius ; and Honoratus, who was abbot of Subiaco when St Gregory wrote his Dialogues.

Benedict was the son of a Roman noble of Nursia, the modern Norcia, in Umbria.

On his way from Enfide, Benedict met a monk, Romanus of Subiaco, whose monastery was on the mountain above the cliff overhanging the cave.

Bede's first abbot was Benedict Biscop, and the names " Biscop " and " Beda " both appear in a king list of the kings of Lindsey from around 800, further suggesting that Bede came from a noble family.

At the age of seven, he was sent to the monastery of Monkwearmouth by his family to be educated by Benedict Biscop and later by Ceolfrith.

Both Benedict Biscop and Ceolfrith had acquired books from the Continent, and in Bede's day the monastery was a renowned centre of learning.

The monastery at Subiaco established in Italy by Saint Benedict of Nursia circa 529 was the first of a dozen monasteries founded by him.

The Rule of St. Benedict was promoted by various rulers of France, especially the House of Capet.

Meanwhile, under the direction of Benedict XIV ( pope 1740 – 1758 ), a special congregation collected much material for an official revision, but nothing was published.

This view was reinforced by Pope Benedict XIV, who ordered a ban on Chinese rituals.

The pope, as Bishop of Rome, may open a process and has the authority to waive the five year waiting period, as was done for Mother Teresa by Pope John Paul II, and for Lúcia Santos and for John Paul II himself by Pope Benedict XVI.

However, he was made a cardinal at the 24 March 2006 consistory anyway, as was announced by Pope Benedict XVI on 22 February 2006.

Columbanus ( the Latinised form of Columbán ) was born in Nobber, County Meath, Ireland, in the year Saint Benedict died, and from childhood was well instructed.

Dirk Benedict ( born March 1, 1945 ) is an American movie, television and stage actor, perhaps best known for playing the characters Lieutenant Templeton " Faceman " Peck in The A-Team television series and Lieutenant Starbuck in the original Battlestar Galactica film and television series.

In 1998, Benedict learned that he also has another son, John Talbert ( born 1968 ), from an earlier relationship.

Linus Benedict Torvalds (; born December 28, 1969 ) is a Finnish American software engineer and hacker, who was the principal force behind the development of the Linux kernel.

Benedict VI was born in Rome, the son of Hildebrand.

Pope Benedict VII ( died 10 July 983 ) was born in Rome, the son of David or Deodatus ( brother of Alberic II of Spoleto ).

Pope Benedict VIII ( died 9 April 1024 ), born Theophylactus, was Pope from 1012 to 1024.

Pope Benedict IX ( c. 1012 – c. 1056 ), born in Rome as Theophylactus of Tusculum, was Pope on three occasions between 1032 and 1048.

Benedict was born the son of Alberic III, Count of Tusculum, and was a nephew of Pope Benedict VIII and Pope John XIX.

Blessed Pope Benedict XI ( 1240 – 7 July 1304 ), born Nicola Boccasini, was Pope from 22 October 1303 until his death.

Pope Benedict XII ( died 25 April 1342 ), born Jacques Fournier, the third of the Avignon Popes, was Pope from 1334 to 1342.

Pope Benedict XIII ( 2 February 1650 – 21 February 1730 ), born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Friar Vincenzo Maria Orsini, O. P., was pope from 1724 until his death.

Pope Benedict XIV ( 31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758 ), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was Pope from 17 August 1740 to 3 May 1758.

Pope Innocent VII ( probably1339 – 6 November 1406 ), born Cosimo de ' Migliorati, was briefly Pope at Rome between 1404 and 1406 during the period of the Western Schism ( 1378 – 1417 ) while there was a rival Pope, Antipope Benedict XIII, at Avignon.

Ruth Benedict ( born Ruth Fulton, June 5, 1887 – September 17, 1948 ) was an American anthropologist and folklorist.

Ruth Benedict was born in New York City on June 5, 1887, to Beatrice and Frederick Fulton.

* May 29 – Pope Benedict XIII, born Pierro Orsini, succeeds Pope Innocent XIII as the 245th pope.

Saint Benedict established his influential monastery of Monte Cassino in the ruins of a villa at Subiaco that had belonged to Nero ; Around 590, Saint Eligius was born in a highly-placed Gallo-Roman family at the ' villa ' of Chaptelat near Limoges, in Aquitaine.

Pope / Antipope Benedict X ( d. 1073 / 1080 ), was born John Mincius, and later became Cardinal Bishop of Velletri.

One of the most enthusiastic proponents of the Danish approach to religion and education was Benedict Nordentoft who was born in Brabrand near Aarhus in 1873.

He was born at Seizencourt, near Saint-Quentin, and having studied at the University of Paris entered the Order of Saint Benedict.

# Benedict, Duke of Finland, born 1254, bishop of Linköping

The current Pope Benedict XVI was born here 1927 in the village of Marktl.