Other than the astronomical terms used by the native Iranian Chorasmian speaker Biruni ,< ref name =" BosworthEncIslam "> Bosworth, C. E.

The famous scientist Biruni, a Khwarezm native, in his Athar ul-Baqiyah ( الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية ), specifically verifies the Iranian origins of Khwarezmians when he wrote ( in Arabic ):

The Iranian Chorasmian language survived for several centuries after Islam until the Turkification of the region, and so must some at least of the culture and lore of ancient Khwarezm, for it is hard to see the commanding figure of Biruni, a repository of so much knowledge, appearing in a cultural vacuum.

When speaking of the pre-Islamic " Khosrau of Khwarezm " ( خسرو خوارزم ), or post-Islamic " Amir of Khwarezm " ( امیر خوارزم ), or even the Khwarezmid Empire, sources such as Biruni and Ibn Khordadbeh and others clearly refer to Khwarezm as being part of the Iranian ( Persian ) empire.

Iranian ) dynasty which ruled over the kingdom of Khwarezm ( according to Biruni ) from 305 until 995 A. D.

As Biruni also does for the other festival days he mentions, he reiterates a local anecdotal association for his description of Mehrgan ( ha al-mirjan in the author's Arabic parlance ) with a fragment of a tale from Iranian folklore: On this day, Fereydun vanquished the evil Dahak and confined him to Mount Damavand.

Arab and Persian travellers, specifically Abu-Rayhan Biruni in his book ' Tahqiq ma lil-Hind ', had declared that even before the advent of Islam in Sindh ( 711 A. D .), the language was prevalent in the region.

Biruni has described many Sindhi words leading to the conclusion that the Sindhi language was widely spoken and rich in vocabulary in his time.

From the writings of the great Khwarezmian scholars, Biruni and Zamakhshari, we know that the language was in use at least until the 13th century, when it was gradually replaced by Persian for the most part, as well as several dialects of Turkic.

In the process, many acts of violence took place, Zoroastrian scriptures were burnt and many mobads executed ( for examples, see Balāḏori, Fotuḥ, p. 421 ; Biruni, Āṯār, p. 35 ). Once conquered politically, the Persians began to reassert themselves by maintaining Persian language and culture.

Al Biruni ( 973 – 1048 ), an 11th-century mathematician, astronomer and scholar, who was the greatest proponent of this system of prediction, listed a total of 97 Arabic Parts, which were widely used for astrological consultations.

* Indica ( Biruni ), the Biruni's account of his travels in South Asia

Other notable scientists and philosophers are Abu Rayhan Biruni ( astronomer, anthropologist, geographer, and mathematician ), Abu Zayd Balkhi ( polymath and a student of al-Kindi ), Abu Ma ' shar Balkhi ( known as Albuxar in the west ), and Abu Sa ' id Sijzi.

The notion of artificial selection was later expressed by the Persian Muslim polymath Abu Rayhan Biruni in the 11th century.

Biruni was concerned with how to conceptualize and prevent both systematic errors and random errors, such as " errors caused by the use of small instruments and errors made by human observers.

In regard to this method Abu Rayhan Biruni states: " this was the method used in Hearth ".

" Biruni compared Islam with pre-Islamic religions, and was willing to accept certain elements of pre-Islamic wisdom which would conform with his understanding of the Islamic spirit.

In the introduction to his Indica, Biruni himself writes that his intent behind the work was to engage dialogue between Islam and the Indian religions, particularly Hinduism as well as Buddhism.

Biruni was aware that statements about a religion would be open to criticism by its adherents, and insisted that a scholar should follow the requirements of a strictly scientific method.

" Biruni argued that Hinduism was a monotheistic faith like Islam, and in order to justify this assertion, he quotes Hindu texts and argues that the worship of idols is " exclusively a characteristic of the common people, with which the educated have nothing to do.

Scholarly consensus holds that the text was completed no later than around 1000 CE, when it is mentioned by al Biruni and quoted by Abhinavagupta ; the earliest suggestions of it are the composition of the Vishnu Purana and Harivamsa, and the Vaishnava Bhakti movement in South India, which limit its composition to after 500 CE.

Alberuni ( Abu Rayhan Biruni ) refers to this castle Lohar Kot-as Loha Kot, and Mahmud Ghazni ’ s attack on Loha Kot was a dismal failure.

Perhaps among the more interesting things from this era is that we know that Abu Rayhan Biruni, the great scientist of the Middle Ages, was supported by Qabus, the ruler of the Ziyarid state, in 1000 in Gorgan.

Biruni wrote that Sijzi believed in a heliocentric system in which the Earth was moving and that he invented an astrolabe called the " Zuraqi " based on this idea:

Until the 10th century, history most often meant political and military history, but this was not so with Persian historian Biruni ( 973 – 1048 ).

It was first described in detail circa 1030 by Biruni in his India book.

Travels in the Punjab and Afghanistan and Turistan to Balkh, Bikhara and Herat and a Visit to Great Britain, Germany ( 1846 ) ( Reprinted Lahore: Al Biruni, 1979 )

It is surmised from the writings of Al Biruni that some Pashtuns living in Pakhtunkhwa ( present-day western Pakistan ) had not been completely converted.

Al Biruni, writing in Tarikh al Hind, also alludes to the Pashtun tribes of Pakhtunkhwa as Hindus.

It is surmised from the writings of Al Biruni that some Afghans who lived in west of India ( modern-day Afghanistan ) had not been completely converted to Islam.

Books on the subject included the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder, which not only described many different minerals but also explained many of their properties, and Kitab al Jawahir ( Book of Precious Stones ) by Muslim scientist Al Biruni.

According to A. Zahoor, in the 11th century, the Persian polymath scholar Abu Rayhan Biruni described the Milky Way galaxy as a multitude of fragments having the properties of nebulous stars, and also gave the latitudes of various stars during a lunar eclipse in 1019.

* 1000-Volvelle, an early paper analog computer, invented by Arabic physicians and improved by Abu Rayhan Biruni for use in astronomy.

In Chapter 47 of his India, entitled " On Vasudeva and the Wars of the Bharata ," Abu Rayhan Biruni attempted to give a naturalistic explanation as to why the struggles described in the Mahabharata " had to take place.

Abu Rayhan Biruni ( d. 1048 ) also introduced triangulation techniques to measure the size of the Earth and the distances between various places.

Abu Rayhan Biruni ( b. 973 ) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun, but in his Masudic Canon, he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own.

According to Islamic texts such as al-Tarsusi and Abu Rayhan Biruni, three methods are described for indirect production of steel.

By the 27th century BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs which are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel ( or no vowel ) to be supplied by the native speaker.

Moreover, like all natural language based IALs, Basic is subject to criticism as unfairly biased towards the native speaker community.

Standard Cambodian Khmer is mutually intelligible with the others but a Khmer Krom speaker from Vietnam, for instance, may have great difficulty communicating with a Khmer native to Sisaket Province in Thailand.

Doke supported the appointment of Benedict Wallet Vilakazi as member of the staff, as he believed a native speaker was essential for acquiring a language.

Kroeber had come into contact with Ishi, the last native speaker of the Yahi language, closely related to Yana, and needed someone to document the language urgently.

Although the letter ⟨ t ⟩ is pronounced by some speakers with aspiration at the beginning of words, this is never indicated in the spelling, and, indeed, this phonetic detail is probably not noticeable to the average native speaker not trained in phonetics.

If Language A borrowed a word from Language B, or both borrowed the word from a third language or inherited it from a common ancestor, and later the word shifted in meaning or acquired additional meanings in at least one of these languages, a native speaker of one language will face a false friend when learning the other.

The most characteristic differences, for instance, between Roman Italian and Milanese Italian are the gemination of initial consonants and the pronunciation of stressed " e ", and of " s " in some cases: e. g. va bene " all right ": is pronounced by a Roman ( and by any standard-speaker ), by a Milanese ( and by any speaker whose native dialect lies to the north of La Spezia-Rimini Line ); a casa " at home " is for Roman and standard, for Milanese and generally northern.

Bloomfield's only other publication on an Austronesian language was an article on the syntax of Ilocano, based upon research undertaken with a native speaker of Ilocano who was a student at Yale University.

This plasticity is whittled down as a child becomes exposed to the specific sounds and structure of his or her language environment, and so, the child quickly becomes a native speaker of that language.

By the onset of puberty ( around age 12 ), language acquisition has typically been solidified and it becomes more difficult to learn a language in the same way a native speaker would.

Because Teriipia was a native French speaker, Brando became fluent in the language and gave numerous interviews in French.

The most famous native speaker of Esperanto is businessman George Soros, son of Tivadar Soros, publisher and writer in Esperanto.

Walter Sutherland from Skaw in Unst, who died about 1850, has been cited as the last native speaker of the Norn language.

* Accent reduction, modifying one's foreign accent towards that of a native speaker

The remainder of his family was of Scottish descent, and both his mother's father's parents were native Scottish Gaelic speakers from Fife ( unusually, for a speaker of the language ) and Uig on the Isle of Skye.

He is a native Xhosa speaker.

* Ibrahim Hanna, the last native speaker of Mlahsô, dies in Qamishli, Syria, making the language effectively extinct.

Also, the last native speaker of related Bijil Neo-Aramaic dies in Jerusalem.

** Ned Maddrell, last surviving native speaker of the Manx language ( b. 1877 )

* Informant ( linguistics ), a native speaker acting as a linguistic reference for a language being studied

Unwittingly poor translations from online language translation tools are used without consulting a native English speaker.

However, he mastered both languages like a native speaker and was possibly a bilingual child.

Syntax seeks to delineate exactly all and only those sentences which make up a given language, using native speaker intuition.

In Fish ’ s source the term is explained as “ the idea that it is possible to characterize a linguistic system that every speaker shares .” In the context of literary criticism, Fish uses this concept to argue that a reader ’ s approach to a text is not completely subjective, and that an internalized understanding of language shared by the native speakers of that given language makes possible the creation of normative boundaries for one ’ s experience with language.