A thermos of beef tea was the favoured way to fend off the chill of winter matches for generations of British football enthusiasts ; to this day Bovril dissolved in hot water is sold in stadiums all over the United Kingdom.

Yeast autolysates are used in Vegemite and Promite ( Australia ); Marmite, Bovril and Oxo ( the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and South Africa ); and Cenovis ( Switzerland ).

One account from the book describes it being prepared for the casualties at Mons where " the orderlies were just beginning to make Bovril for the wounded, when the Germans deliberately shelled the bearers and ambulance wagons as they were bringing the wounded into the hospital.

In November 2004, the manufacturers, Unilever, announced that the composition of Bovril was being changed from beef extract to a yeast extract, claiming it was to make the product suitable for vegetarians and vegans ; at that time fear of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE ) may have been a factor.

Bovril is served at the Groucho Club and is associated with football culture, being commonly drunk on the terraces from thermos flasks in winter.

Bovril beef tea was the main warm drink that Ernest Shackleton's team had to drink when they were marooned on Elephant Island during the Endurance Expedition.

Beef extract was eventually reintroduced as a key Bovril ingredient in 2006, after the European Commission lifted its ban on the export of Britain's beef products ; it was only at this point that the manufacturer stated explicitly that this had been the main reason for beef's removal.

Nicknamed Chevril ( by replacing the Bov ( ox ) with Chev ( horse ) in the Bovril name ) it was produced by boiling down horse meat or mules to a jelly paste and serving it as a beef tea.

It now once again makes Bovril using beef extract and a chicken variety using chicken extract, although the vegetarian formula is still sold in some countries, such as Australia and Hong Kong.

* Unilever explains the reintroduction of beef to Bovril.

Initially, Marmite was popular with vegetarians as a meat-free alternative to beef extract products such as Bovril, which were popular in the late 19th and early 20th century.

Called " Bovril pemmican " or simply " dog pemmican ", it was a beef product consisting of 2 / 3 protein and 1 / 3 fat, without carbohydrate.

Towards the end of the siege, the garrison and townsfolk were living largely on their remaining draught oxen and horses ( mainly in the form of " chevril ", a meat paste named after the commercial beef extract " Bovril ").

Bovril is the trademarked name of a thick, salty meat extract, developed in the 1870s by John Lawson Johnston and sold in a distinctive, bulbous jar.

His term " vril " lent its name to Bovril meat extract.

It deserves separate mention that some meat extracts and yeast extracts ( Bovril, Marmite, Vegemite ) contain extremely high levels of tyramine, and should not be used with these medications.

Poster for Bovril, about 1900 V & A Museum no.

Advertisement for Bovril at Southsea, ca.

* Bovril boats ( informal name for sewage transport vessel )

She also starred in commercials for Bovril.

In addition to ration packs intended for the transcontinental crossing, they took biscuits, Bovril, sugar and dried milk.

In 1971, Cavenham Foods acquired the Bovril Company but then sold most of its dairies and South American operations to finance further take-overs.

Therefore Johnston created a product known as ' Johnston's Fluid Beef ,' later called Bovril, to meet the needs of the French people and Napoleon III.

Bovril can be made into a drink by diluting with hot water, or less commonly with milk.

By 1888, over 3, 000 British public houses, grocers and chemists were selling Bovril.

In 1889, the Bovril Company was formed.

When John Lawson Johnston died, George Lawson Johnston inherited the Bovril business.

Bovril holds the unusual position of having been advertised with a Pope.

An advertising campaign of the early 20th century in Britain depicted the Pope seated on his throne, bearing a mug of Bovril.

The campaign slogan read: The Two Infallible Powers-The Pope & Bovril.

Bovril is also produced in South Africa by the Bokomo division of Pioneer Foods The product range includes a version with chili.

By changing Bovril to a non-meat base, Unilever hoped to increase sales there, where people enjoy Bovril stirred into porridge.

At Scottish football stadiums, containers such as thermos flasks are banned by law, so Bovril is purchased inside the grounds where it is served in polystyrene or plastic cups.

On the February 20, 2011, episode of Top Gear, James May had Bovril in an urn inside a Claas Dominator combine harvester in Norway, which was converted into a snow plough.

In March, 1961, representatives of the national laboratories of Australia, Canada, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, U.S.S.R., United States, and West Germany, met at the NBS to devise means for reaching international agreement on a temperature scale between 10 and 90 Af.

These thermometers have now been sent to the United Kingdom for calibration at the National Physical Laboratory.

Cultural anthropology is also called socio-cultural anthropology or social anthropology ( especially in the United Kingdom ).

* Association of Drainage Authorities, membership body for those involved in water level management in the United Kingdom

Aberdeen is a city in Scotland, United Kingdom.

* Animal ( clothing ), a sportswear retailer and brand based in the United Kingdom

Modern arable agriculture typically uses large field ( agriculture ) | fields like this one in Dorset, England, United Kingdom

The five largest modern countries that are mainly archipelagos are Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

* 1877 – The United Kingdom annexes the Transvaal.

* 1963 – The Bristol Bus Boycott is held in Bristol to protest the Bristol Omnibus Company's refusal to employ Black or Asian bus crews, drawing national attention to racial discrimination in the United Kingdom.

* 1993 – Virgin Radio broadcasts for the first time in the United Kingdom.

* 1896 – Anglo-Zanzibar War: the shortest war in world history ( 09: 00 to 09: 45 ) between the United Kingdom and Zanzibar.

* 1861 – The United Kingdom annexes Lagos, Nigeria.

* 1914 – World War I: First Battle of the Atlantic – two days after the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany over the German invasion of Belgium, ten German U-boats leave their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea.

* 1962 – Jamaica becomes independent from the United Kingdom.

* Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Jamaica from the United Kingdom in 1962.

* 1902 – Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark are crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

* 1907 – The first Boy Scout encampment concludes at Brownsea Island in southern England, United Kingdom.

* 2006 – At least 21 suspected terrorists are arrested in the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot that happened in the United Kingdom.

Azerbaijan currently has diplomatic relations with 160 countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Denmark, Egypt, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Libya, Luxembourg, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Qatar, Republic of India, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Togo, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.

* United Kingdom comparative: about one third larger ( 30 %) than Wales

Countries that officially recognize the Armenian genocide include Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lebanon, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Uruguay, Vatican City and Venezuela ; additionally, some regional governments of countries recognize the Armenian genocide, such as New South Wales in Australia and Wales in the United Kingdom, also officially recognize the Armenian Genocide.