Seven Founders -- George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay -- determined the destinies of the new nation.

As Madison commented to Jefferson in 1789, `` We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us.

Historians have traditionally regarded the great debates of the Seventeen Nineties as polarizing the issues of centralized vs. limited government, with Hamilton and the nationalists supporting the former and Jefferson and Madison upholding the latter position.

The state's rights position was formulated by Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolves, but in their later careers as heads of state the two proved themselves better Hamiltonians than Jeffersonians.

In purchasing Louisiana, Jefferson had to adopt Hamilton's broad construction of the Constitution, and so did Madison in advocating the rechartering of Hamilton's bank, which he had so strenuously opposed at its inception, and in adopting a Hamiltonian protective tariff.

Opposition to them resulted in the highly controversial Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, authored by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson.

Jefferson and James Madison also secretly drafted the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions denouncing the federal legislation, though state legislatures rejected these resolutions.

Though the resolutions followed the " interposition " approach of James Madison, Jefferson advocated nullification and at one point drafted a threat for Kentucky to secede.

" Chernow argues that neither Jefferson nor Madison sensed that they had sponsored measures as inimical as the Alien and Sedition Acts themselves.

In 1787, James Madison wrote Thomas Jefferson in France for background information on constitutional government to use at the Constitutional Convention.

* Presidents Park – Freshmen – Completed in 1989, and housing approximately 1, 100 students in twelve halls ( Adams, Kennedy, Roosevelt, Harrison, Lincoln, Truman, Jackson, Madison, Wilson, Jefferson, Monroe, Washington ).

Breaking with Hamilton and what became the Federalist Party in 1791, Madison and Thomas Jefferson organized what they called the Republican Party ( later called by historians the Democratic-Republican Party ) He co-authored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts.

As Jefferson ’ s Secretary of State ( 1801 – 1809 ), Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the nation ’ s size.

As a young man during the American Revolutionary War, Madison served in the Virginia state legislature ( 1776 – 79 ), where he became known as a protégé of the delegate Thomas Jefferson.

Madison attained prominence in Virginia politics, working with Jefferson to draft the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which was finally passed in 1786.

Working closely with Madison and Jefferson, Bishop Madison helped lead the College through the changes involving separation from both Great Britain and the Church of England.

Madison and Thomas Jefferson were the leaders of this second group.

As early as May 26, 1792, Hamilton complained, " Mr. Madison cooperating with Mr. Jefferson is at the head of a faction decidedly hostile to me and my administration.

Congressman Madison and Vice President Jefferson were outraged.

Madison and Jefferson secretly drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts to be unconstitutional and noted that " states, in contesting obnoxious laws, should ' interpose for arresting the progress of the evil.

Jefferson went further, urging states to secede if necessary, though Madison convinced Jefferson to back down from this extreme view.

On September 15, 1794, James Madison married Dolley Payne Todd, a young widow, at Harewood, in what is now Jefferson County, West Virginia.

Under scrutiny, two of the witnesses said, were payments and loans to Stein's National Maintenance company at 543 Madison St..

The Alien and Sedition Acts were, however, never appealed to the Supreme Court, whose right of judicial review was not established until Marbury v. Madison in 1803.

Gone are the days when the Hoffman House flourished on Madison Square, with its famous nudes by Bouguereau ; when barrooms were palaces, on nearly every corner throughout the city ; when Steve Brodie, jumping from Brooklyn Bridge, splashed the entire country with publicity ; when Bowery concert halls dispensed schooners of beer for a nickel, with a stage show thrown in ; when Theis's Music Hall still resounded on 14th Street with its great mechanical organ, the wonder of its day, a place of beauty, with fine paintings and free company and the frankest of female life.

Madison set the standard for the ladyship and her actions were the model for nearly every First Lady until Eleanor Roosevelt in the 1930s.

Madison and other leaders, such as Washington and Benjamin Franklin, were very concerned about this.

The historian Gordon S. Wood has noted that many leaders such as Madison and Washington, feared more that the revolution had not fixed the social problems that had triggered it, and the excesses ascribed to the King were being seen in the state legislatures.

While Henry's arguments were emotional appeals to possible unintended consequences, Madison responded with rational answers to these arguments ; he eventually argued that Henry's claims were becoming absurd.

George Washington and James Madison were leading supporters ; Patrick Henry and George Mason were leading opponents.

He had little to do with the War of 1812, as President Madison and the War Hawks in Congress were dominant.

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively.

Many people believed he, and other Jeffersonians such as James Madison, were being hypocritical by doing something they surely would have argued against with Alexander Hamilton.

In 1808 two military forts with trading factories were built, Fort Osage along the Missouri River in western present-day Missouri and Fort Madison along the Upper Mississippi River in eastern present-day Iowa.

Three sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden in New York were filmed for a motion picture, but the theatrical release of this project ( The Song Remains the Same ) was delayed until 1976.

As these appointments were routine in nature, Marshall assumed the new Secretary of State James Madison would see they were delivered, since " they had been properly submitted and approved, and were, therefore, legally valid appointments.

#* Although Madison tried to keep a low profile in regards to religion, he seemed to hold religious opinions, like many of his contemporaries, that were closer to deism or Unitarianism in theology than conventional Christianity.

In mid-2003, due to cross-contamination at a Madison, Wisconsin-area pet swap from an unquarantined Gambian pouched rat imported from Ghana, several prairie dogs in captivity acquired monkeypox, and subsequently a few humans were also infected.

For their 1994 New Years Run, Phish played two sold out shows at Madison Square Garden and Boston Garden, which were their debuts at both venues.

The " Founding Fathers " were strong advocates of republican values, especially Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton.

* Months after the attacks, events were still impacted, with Blockbuster Entertainment cancelling its Spring 2002 Awards Show and the 2003 Grammy Awards being held at Madison Square Garden instead of Staples Center as planned.