By far the strongest hereditary claim was that of Edgar the Ætheling, but his youth and apparent lack of powerful supporters caused him to be passed over, and he did not play a major part in the struggles of 1066, though he was made king for a short time by the Witan after the death of Harold Godwinson.

By the time of the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, Carlisle was part of Scotland and did not feature in the Domesday Book of 1086.

Retributive justice began to replace such systems following the Norman invasion of Britain in 1066 A. D. William the Conqueror's son, Henry I, detailed offenses against the “ king ’ s peace .” By the end of the 11th century, crime was no longer perceived as injurious to persons, but rather was seen as an offense against the state.

By 1066, Baldwin was an old man, and died the following year.

By the first half of the 11th century, English art was being lavishly patronized by the wealthy Anglo-Saxon elite, who valued above all works in precious metals, but the Norman Conquest in 1066 brought a sudden halt to this art boom, and instead works were melted down or removed to Normandy.

By 1066 the monastery had become a parish church.

By 1066 the town was a Royal Manor held by King Edward the Confessor and is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as land held by William the Conqueror.

By the 10th century Anglo-Saxon metalwork had a famous reputation as far afield as Italy, where English goldsmiths worked on plate for the altar of St Peter's itself, but hardly any pieces have survived the depredations of the Norman Conquest in 1066, and the English Reformation, and none of the large-scale ones, shrines, doors and statues, that we know existed, and of which a few contemporary continental examples have survived.

By this time the influx of Islamic silver from the East had been absent for more than a century, and the flow of English silver had come to an end in the mid-11th century.

By the 19th Century, this body of legislation included some 10, 000 norms.

By the early 20th Century, aether theory was in trouble.

By the 17th Century, the Medieval teleological view came under intense criticism from some quarters.

By circa 1980 the use of a " record changer ", which might scuff up or otherwise damage the discs, was widely disparaged, so the " turntable " emerged triumphant and retained its position to the end of the 20th Century and beyond.

By the beginning of the 1st Century BC, the Rex Sacrorum was all but forgotten and the pontifex maximus given almost complete religious authority over the Roman religion.

By the 15th Century, pattens became popular by both men and women in Europe.

By the end of the 19th Century, except for the presence of the naval and military facilities, Bermuda was thought of by non-Bermudians and Bermudians alike as a quiet, rustic backwater, completely at odds with the role it had played in the development of the English-speaking Atlantic world, a change that had begun with American independence.

By the middle of the 5th Century, St. Eucherius of Lyon mentions the martyrdom of St. Ursus and St. Victor and a cult of saints in Solothurn.

By the second half of the 16th Century, the political voice of citizens was nearly totally suppressed.

By the second half of the 17th Century, the government was run by a small group of patricians.

By this time, he was both an antisemite-influenced by Houston Stewart Chamberlain's book The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century ( one of the key proto-Nazi books of racial theory )-and an anti-bolshevik ( as a result of his family's exile ).

" By the 1960s, Pocket Books alone, over the course of more than forty printings, had sold several million copies of " Lost Horizon " helping to make it one of the best-loved and most enduring novels of the 20th Century.

By the 19th Century BCE, Harran was established as a merchant outpost due to its ideal location.

By the end of the 20th Century, FDM voice circuits had become rare.

By the mid-17th Century the Mescaleros expanded their territory to the Plains Navajos and Pueblos from the Guadalupes, and El Paso del Norte.

By the mid-17th Century the Mescaleros expanded their territory to the Plains Navajos and Pueblos from the Guadalupes, and El Paso del Norte.

By the early part of the 19th Century North Stonington ’ s residents began to regard themselves as possessing a character separate from the communities of the southern part of the town to which they were still connected.

By the 19th Century the city of St Davids had become isolated and neglected and was described thus in the Penny Cyclopaedia:

By some accounts it was founded by Franciscan friars as early as the early 18th Century and called Nuestra Senora De La Luz ( Our Lady of the Light ).

By the end of the 19th Century, industry came to the town in the form of brick kilns, potash mining and gypsum mining.

By the end of the 19th Century, the town was becoming famous as a sportsman's paradise.

By the end of the 19th Century, the town became the locale for sanatoriums intended for tuberculosis ( TB ) cures.

By the end of the 18th Century, town was noted for wood products such as paper and lead pencils.

By the final years of the 19th Century, Shandaken had developed the tourist industry which is still the most important part of its economy.

By 1910, the population was below 300 and it dropped steadily throughout the first half of the 20th Century.

By the time his son Abraham was born, Thomas owned two farms, several town lots, livestock, and horses.

By late January, the plague is in full retreat, and the townspeople begin to celebrate the imminent opening of the town gates.

By the 5th century AD, Rome was in decline and the Roman predecessor town of Alicante, known as Lucentum ( Latin ), was more or less under the control of the Visigothic warlord Theudimer.

By the mid-nineteenth century there were Wesleyan, Primitive Methodist, United Free Methodist, Congregationalist, Baptist, Swedenborgian, Unitarian, Roman Catholic and Catholic Apostolic churches in the town.

By 1781 three more societies had been established in Birmingham, with a fourth in the nearby town of Dudley ; and 19 more formed in Birmingham between 1782 and 1795.

By the American Revolution, most residents lived near the Common and Harvard College, with farms and estates comprising most of the town.

By allowing it to run to seed and through deliberate cultivation by the town of Dachau the canal is only still recognizable as such between Frühlingstrasse and the Pollnbach.

By the time Allen reached his teens, the area, while still a difficult area in which to make a living, began to resemble a town, with wood-frame houses beginning to replace the rough cabins of the early settlers.

By 1689 the town had grown significantly.

By the 18th century there was a square at the centre of the town, flanked by the town hall, a public gaol housing prisoners from all over the Lordship of Biscay, a hospital and a poor-house for local people.

By the end of the Saxon period, the port of Hastings had moved eastward near the present town centre in the Priory Stream valley, whose entrance was protected by the White Rock headland ( since demolished ).

By 1810 the town ’ s population reached approximately 700, with about 130 houses.

By about 9400 BCE the town had grown to more than 70 dwellings, and was home to over 1000 people.

By analyzing the type of granite, geologists were able to discover that glaciers carried Bubble Rock to its present location from the town of Lucerne, Maine — away.

By 1910, the town had a hotel which also operated as a post office.

By the late 19th century, Nazareth was a town with a strong Arab Christian presence and a growing European community, where a number of communal projects were undertaken and new religious buildings were erected.

By morning, the town has been dressed with greenery and flowers placed around the maypole.

By the mid-17th century this situation had changed: Temne, not Bullom was spoken on the south shore, and ships stopping for water and firewood had to pay customs to the Temne king of Bureh who lived at Bagos town on the point between the Rokel River and Port Loko Creek.

By the end of the 15th century, the population in Stockholm can be estimated to 5, 000 – 7, 000 people, which made it a relatively small town compared to several other contemporary European cities.

By the 1880s, Toledo expanded over the vacant streets of Manhattan and Tremainsville, a small town to the west.

By contrast, the closure of the famous meat-packing plant at Fray Bentos in the department of Río Negro transformed it into a virtual ghost town.

By 1195-96 it became a market town with a central street and city walls.

By the 12th century, Totnes was already an important market town, due to its position on one of the main roads of the South West, in conjunction with its easy access to its hinterland and the easy navigation of the River Dart.

By 1523, according to a tax assessment, Totnes was the second richest town in Devon, and the sixteenth richest in England, ahead of Worcester, Gloucester and Lincoln.