By 1600, however, people were starting to call themselves " bon françois.

By 1600, the Missouria lived near the confluence of the Grand and Missouri rivers, where they settled through the 18th century.

By the year 1600, Braunschweig was the seventh largest city in Germany.

By c. 1600, the Jesuits stationed in China, led by Matteo Ricci, were pretty sure that it was, but others were not convinced yet.

By 1600 the Ewenkis or Evenkis of the Lena and Yenisey valleys were successful reindeer herders.

By agreement, that last Israel element was withdrawn by 1600 GMT on 8 March and a full Israeli withdrawal from the Sharm al Shaikh area was effected at the same time.

By 1600, it was in the library of Lord Lumley and by 1621 the manuscript was in the possession of Robert Cotton.

By 1950 this collection had swollen to more than 1, 500 volumes including 150 printed before 1600 and even a small amount predating 1500.

By 1600, it had become the market town for western Wigtownshire.

By 1600, Nidwalden was known as Unterwalden proper or Subsylvania, while Obwalden was known as " Unterwalden ob dem Wald ", strictly speaking an oxymoron, as it were Subsylvania super silva.

By 1600, the manor house had fallen into disrepair and was occupied only by a shepherd.

By the time of the readership poll, the HB Viva was within a year of being replaced even though the 1600 version itself had only been offered since 1968, so the sample will have been relatively small: it appears that the low satisfaction rate may have reflected not so much the car ’ s design but rather a lack of effective quality control in the manufacturing processes.

By 1499 Oxford's yearly landed income had risen to £ 1600.

By the Azuchi-Momoyama period ( 1568 – 1600 ) the bay was known as Edo Bay, a reference to the city Edo.

By the end of the war, the Navy had over 1600 warships.

By 1600 the following changes had occurred:

By the time European settlers arrived around 1600 – 1650, the majority of the Native Americans living in the eastern United States had been decimated by new diseases, introduced to them decades before by explorers and sailors.

By 1600, about 25 % of Poland's population lived in urban centers ( settlements with over 500 people ).

By 1600, the Djolof Empire was effectively over.

By 1600 Birmingham ranked alongside London as one of the two great concentrations of iron merchants in the country, flourishing from its economic freedom and its proximity to manufacturers and raw materials, while London's traders remained under the control of a powerful corporate body.

By around 1600 BC the Southwest of Britain was experiencing a trade boom as British tin was exported across Europe, evidence of ports being found in Southern Devon at Bantham and Mount Batten.

By about 1600, blue-and-white wares were being produced, labelling the contents within decorative borders.

* c. 1600: By now, perhaps 250, 000 Indians and Inuit ( Eskimo ) inhabit what is now Canada.

By the 19th century, horses weighing more than 1600 pounds that also moved at a quick pace were in demand.

By the middle of the 19th century, industrialisation swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution was kept in place ( compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein ) until 1801, when Aachen became the " chef-lieu du département de la Roer " in Napoléon's First French Empire.

By simply denying that an efficient first cause is problematic, being easily explained as the creative action of an omnipotent God, medieval theologians re-purposed and enhanced Aristotle's argument, as if the intention had been to prove God's existence.

By contrast, homoerotic themes were present in poetry and other literature written by some Muslims from the medieval period onwards and which celebrated love between men.

By the end of the 19th century, it was confined mainly to Pre-Raphaelite imitators, and it could not avoid being affected by the First World War, which damaged the reputation of chivalry and thus interest in its medieval manifestations and Arthur as chivalric role model.

By that time too, the medieval walls were no longer secure against a serious threat from an army as they were not designed for resisting cannon shot.

By the medieval Chinese dynasties, with the decline of chariot warfare, the use of the dagger-axe was almost nonexistent.

By the time of the medieval university system, knowledge was divided into the trivium — philosophy, including natural philosophy — and the quadrivium — mathematics, including astronomy.

By 1630, Africans had replaced the Tupani as the largest contingent of labor on Brazilian sugar plantations, heralding equally the final collapse of the European medieval household tradition of slavery, the rise of Brazil as the largest single destination for enslaved Africans and sugar as the reason that roughly 84 % of these Africans were shipped to the New World.

By late medieval reasoning, the city of Orléans had escalated the conflict and forced the use of violence upon the English, so a conquering lord would be just in exacting vengeance upon its citizens.

By medieval times, the Prakrits had diversified into various Middle Indo-Aryan dialects.

By the mid-eighth century, shōen ( landed estates ), one of the most important economic institutions in medieval Japan, began to rise as a result of the search for a more manageable form of landholding.

By 1400 there emerged an interest in humanitas which contrasted with the formalism of the medieval period, but initially this new interest in Roman antiquity was restricted to a few scholars, writers and philosophers ; it did not at first influence the visual arts.

By this point classicism was old enough that previous classical movements received revivals ; for example, the Renaissance was seen as a means to combine the organic medieval with the orderly classical.

By the medieval period, fuller's earth had been introduced for use in the process.

By the time of the Crusades in the late eleventh century, fulling mills were active throughout the medieval Islamic world, from Islamic Spain and North Africa in the west to Central Asia in the east.

By the middle of the century medieval ruined castles had become fashionable once again.

By contrast the artistic work of antiquarians James Bentham and James Essex at the end of the century, while stopping short of being genuine archaeology, was detailed and precise enough to provide a substantial base of architectural fine detail on medieval castle features and enabled the work of architects such as Wyatt.

By the medieval period, the mummers ' plays had developed, a form of early street theatre associated with the Morris dance, concentrating on themes such as Saint George and the Dragon and Robin Hood.

" By the 12th century, the lodestone compass was being used for navigation in medieval China.

By the 8th century, " Albania " had been reduced to a strictly geographical and titular ecclesiastical connotation, and was referred to as such by medieval Armenian historians ; on its place sprang a number principalities, such as that of the Armenian principality and kingdom of Khachen, along with various Caucasian, Iranian and Arabic principalities: the principality of Shaddadids, the principality of Shirvan, the principality of Derbent.

By the early 19th century the fabric of the church had fallen into disrepair, All the medieval furnishings were gone, and the interior was as Francis Bumpus later described it, " pewed and galleried to a fearful extent ".

By the 16th century, before the Gregorian calendar reform, the medieval computus was out of sync with the actual seasons and the moon, and occasionally spring would have begun and a full moon passed a month before the computus put the first spring moon

By the later 19th century many book-illustrators and producers of decorative art of various kinds had learned to use medieval styles successfully from the new museums like the Victoria & Albert Museum set up for this purpose.

By the 11th century, hydropowered sawmills were in widespread use in the medieval Islamic world, from Islamic Spain and North Africa in the west to Central Asia in the east.