By 1786, Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak, their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another, witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports, their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates, and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest.

By 1786, the United States would default on the dates the principal came due.

By 1786 the internal affairs of this Dutch colony were effectively under British control.

By 1786, Puebla ’ s lands reached from what is now Veracruz to Guerrero states.

By 1786, there were several hundred English residents on the shore and several thousand mostly African slaves.

By 1786 this code had grown to 86 paragraphs.

By 1786, that weight had more than doubled to 840 pounds ( 381 kg ).

By 1786, the settlement's name had been officially changed from Sertões de Macacu to Cantagalo.

By 1786, 514 inhabitants were left in Lida.

By 1783 he led the City interest on the company's court, and in 1786 he was reckoned its most able member.

By 1786 he had become the foremost muslin manufacturer in Britain, with 300 skilled weavers using 500 looms at Stockport and 159 weavers at Anderton.

File: Goethecut. png | By Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, Detail From Goethe in the Roman Campagna, 1786 / 1787

The Convent of San Cosimato c. 1786. jpg | By Joseph Wright, The Convent of San Cosimato, c. 1786

File: Pie VI aux Marais Pontins. jpg | By Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros, Pope Pius VI's visit to the Pontine Marshes ( 1786 )

By 1840 there were still only ten colonial bishops for the Church of England ; but even this small beginning greatly facilitated the growth of Anglicanism around the world.

By 18: 00, the British fleet was again under full sail, Vanguard sixth in the line of ten ships as Culloden trailed behind to the north, and Alexander and Swiftsure hastened to catch up to the west.

By the mid-1980s at least 500 courses in business ethics reached 40, 000 students, using some twenty textbooks and at least ten casebooks along supported by professional societies, centers and journals of business ethics.

By 2011, nearly six of ten full-time undergraduates qualified for a tuition-free education at CUNY due in large measure to state, federal and CUNY financial aid programs.

By 1530 over 10, 000 publications are known, with a total of ten million copies.

By spring 1941, following Himmler's orders, ten concentration camps had been constructed in which inmates were subjected to forced labour.

By 1997, the federal government had already cut tariffs to 22. 5 percent from 57. 5 percent ten years earlier, and by 2000 were planning to reduce this even further down to 15 percent.

By 1866 he was " able to command ten to fifteen guineas for the reworking of a single Punch cartoon as a pencil sketch ", alongside his " comfortable " Punch salary " of about £ 800 a year ".

By 1791, the last ten of the proposed amendments were ratified and became the Bill of Rights.

By the end of the Renaissance the number of courses had grown to ten, and during the Baroque era the number continued to grow until it reached 14 ( and occasionally as many as 19 ).

By 1300, a weakened Byzantine Empire had lost most of its Anatolian provinces to ten Ghazi principalities.

By June 1942, just enough US penicillin was available to treat ten patients.

By agreement, the album was supposed to go out of print after ten years.

By replacing ten cards with five symbols and using three reels instead of five drums, the complexity of reading a win was considerably reduced, allowing Fey to devise an effective automatic payout mechanism.

By this period, a number of clans had fallen by the wayside, leaving the Reizei and the Nijo family ; the former stood for " progressive " approaches, the varied use of the " ten styles " and novelty, while the latter conservatively hewed to already established norms and the " ushin " ( deep feelings ) style that dominated courtly poetry.

By 1910, 31 state legislatures had passed resolutions calling for a constitutional amendment allowing direct election, and in the same year ten Republican senators who were opposed to reform were forced out of their seats, acting as a " wake-up call to the Senate ".

By contrast in 21st century Britain, nearly half of all children are born outside marriage, and nine in ten newlyweds have been cohabitating.

By the age of ten, Gretzky had scored 378 goals and 139 assists in just one season with the Brantford Nadrofsky Steelers.

By the time I was ten, I had eight years on skates instead of four, and a few seasons ’ worth of ice time against ten-year-olds.

By 1530 over 10, 000 publications are known, with a total of ten million copies.

By 1940, only 3200 farmers had arrived to Ethiopia, less than ten percent of the Fascist regime's goal.

By the end of filming, the script had been through ten drafts.

By June 25, 1966, UCI held its first Commencement with fourteen students, which conferred ten Bachelors of Arts, three Masters of Arts, and one Doctor of Philosophy degree.

By convention, is ten times the ellipticity of the galaxy, rounded to the nearest integer, where the ellipticity is defined as for an ellipse with semi-major and semi-minor axes of lengths and respectively.

By 1500 ten printing presses had been installed in the town following the installation of the first one sixteen years earlier.

By contrast, a dynamic web page is a broader concept, covering any web page generated differently for each user, load occurrence, or specific variable values.

By the 20th century, earlier mechanical calculators, cash registers, accounting machines, and so on were redesigned to use electric motors, with gear position as the representation for the state of a variable.

By using variable block lengths, a large publisher will have few digits allocated for the publisher number and many digits allocated for titles ; likewise countries publishing much will have few allocated digits for the group identifier, and many for the publishers and titles.

By continuing production, the firm can offset its variable cost and at least part of its fixed cost, but by stopping completely it would lose the entirety of its fixed cost.

By mathematical analogy: A metasyntactic variable is a word that is a variable for other words, just as in algebra letters are used as variables for numbers.

By shutting down a firm avoids all variable costs.

By the middle 1960s, transmitter designs were updated, mixing a crystal-controlled high frequency oscillator with a variable low frequency oscillator, resulting in better frequency stability across all Amateur Radio HF bands.

By use of variable engine strokes from a complex crankshaft, Atkinson was able to increase the efficiency of his engine, at the cost of some power, over traditional Otto-cycle engines.

* By variability: fixed, variable, semi-variable

By focussing on just a few of these highly variable minisatellites, DNA profiling made the system more sensitive, more reproducible, and amenable to computer databasing, and soon became the standard forensic DNA system used in criminal case work and paternity testing worldwide.

By varying the extent and path of motion, a variety of effects can be obtained, with variable depth of field and different degrees of blurring of " out of plane " structures.

By combining light curve data with observed spectral changes, astronomers are often able to explain why a particular star is variable.

By way of explaining Brian's variable input, Carl Wilson told Musician magazine in 1981 that his brother had become seriously addicted to cocaine during this period.

By rapidly clicking the hook for a variable number of times at roughly 5 to 10 clicks per second, separated by intervals of roughly one second, the caller can dial numbers as if they were using the rotary dial.

By analogy with their navigational use, the words dead reckoning are also used to mean the process of estimating the value of any variable quantity by using an earlier value and adding whatever changes have occurred in the meantime.

By squaring the initial generating function, or by finding the derivative of both sides with respect to x and making a change of running variable n → n-1, one sees that the coefficients form the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., so one has

By composition, this sugar is about 90 % sucrose, the remainder consisting of variable amounts of glucose and fructose.

By contrast, an extensive property ( also extensive quantity, extensive variable, or extensive parameter ) is one that is additive for independent, noninteracting subsystems.

By connecting the thyristor-controlled reactor, which is continuously variable, along with a capacitor bank step, the net result is continuously-variable leading or lagging power.

By means of phase angle modulation switched by the thyristors, the reactor may be variably switched into the circuit and so provide a continuously variable Mvar injection ( or absorption ) to the electrical network.

By contrast, the free-electron treatments of CFE by Young in 1959, Gadzuk and Plummer in 1973 and Modinos in 1984, also integrate via the total energy distribution, but use the normal energy ε < sub > n </ sub > ( or a related quantity ) as the first variable of integration.

By the 1920s, the body of literature on shanties had grown quite large, yet it was of variable quality.

By expressing variable amounts of red, green, and blue fluorescent proteins in the brain, the so-called " brainbow " mutant mouse allows the combinatorial visualization of many different colors in neurons.