By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.

By 1850, Parliament had enacted several statutes on a case-by-case basis to deal with issues regularly faced by certain types of organizations, like joint-stock companies, and with the impetus for most types of group litigation removed, it went into a steep decline in English jurisprudence from which it never recovered.

By 1850, Newson was a prosperous businessman and was able to build Alde House, a mansion on a hill behind Aldeburgh.

By 1850 European explorers had begun mapping the interior.

By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.

By 1850 this had increased fivefold to 350 million and continued to grow rapidly thereafter, until the end of the 20th century when newer methods drastically reduced the use of delivery systems requiring stamps.

By 1850, various methods such as rouletting wheels were being devised in an effort to make stamp separation more efficient and to allow for large numbers of stamps to be quickly separated.

By 1850, North America had discovered a love of the sport, and, indeed, North America went on to develop the all-steel blade, which was both lighter and sharper.

By 1850 eleven editions had been printed.

By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states.

By 1850 California had enough settlers arriving by the California Trail and by sea to become the 31st state.

By 1850, the Jewish population consisted of 60 Sephardi families and a 30-year old Ashkenazi community of 50 families.

By 1850, Luanda was one of the largest Portuguese cities in the Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products-almost all the produce of a continued forced labour system.

By 1850 California entered the Union as a free state.

By the middle of the 19th century, subsequent to the Industrial Revolution ( 1750 – 1850 ), the great expansion of the bourgeoisie social class caused its self-stratification — by business activity and by economic function — into the haute bourgeoisie ( bankers and industrialists ) and the petite bourgeoisie ( tradesmen and white-collar workers ).

By 1850, most of the easily accessible gold had been collected, and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations.

By 1850, nearly all German states used this standard of Thaler, though with differing subdivisions.

By 1850, however, Edward Hincks came to suspect a non-Semitic origin for cuneiform.

By 1850, de Celis was listed in the Los Angeles Census as an agriculturist, 42 years old, and the owner of a real estate worth $ 20, 000.

By 1850, it was the second most populous county in Texas out of the 78 counties that had been organized at that time, according to the 1850 census.

By 1850 about thirty-nine ranches were in operation in what later became Hidalgo County.

By 1850, the county had more slaves than any other county in Texas until the end of the Civil War.

By 1840 the population had reached 600, and in 1850 Yorkville consisted of 93 dwellings and 617 inhabitants.

By now, the war is nearing its end and the German Army is retreating.

By the following year their ranks had grown to include German painter, sculptor and designer Oskar Schlemmer who headed the theater workshop, and Swiss painter Paul Klee, joined in 1922 by Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky.

By 1931, the National Socialist German Workers ' Party was starting to gain influence and control in German politics.

By 1700, it had been reprinted 15 times in Italian, and was translated in Dutch, English, French, German, Russian and Spanish.

By the end of the war, 17 pounders had proven much more effective against German tanks, and 32 pounders had entered development.

By 1969 West German cinema attendance at 172. 2 million visits per year was less than a quarter of its 1956 post-war peak.

By 1882 German makers also produced hexagonal grained powders of a similar size for artillery.

By contrast, East Germany renounced ties to the Nazi past, styling itself the " anti-fascist rampart " and proclaiming itself the first socialist state on German soil.

By the mid-18th century the " Aufklärung " ( The Enlightenment ) had transformed German high culture in music, philosophy, science and literature.

By midcentury, the German states were catching up.

By 1913, American and German exports dominated the world steel market, as Britain slipped to third place.

By the 1890s, German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific ( Kiauchau in China, the Marianas, the Caroline Islands, Samoa ) led to frictions with Britain, Russia, Japan and the United States.

By the eastward settlement the Empire's influence increased to eventually include Pomerania and Silesia – also due to intermarriage of the local, still mostly Slavic, rulers with German spouses.

By 1932, power had shifted to such an extent that the German President, Paul von Hindenburg, was able to dismiss a chancellor and select his own person for the job, even though the outgoing chancellor possessed the confidence of the Reichstag while the new chancellor did not.

By the end of his life, he could converse in English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Polish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish as well as German.

By doing so he and the German dukes gained time to fortify towns and train a new elite cavalry force.

By then all German tribes were united in a single kingdom.

By the 1850s, British and German missionaries and traders had penetrated present-day Namibia.

By 1884, the Germans declared the coastal region from the Orange River to the Kunene River a German protectorate.

By 1842, a list of nine elements believed to be essential to plant growth had been compiled, and the discoveries of the German botanists Julius von Sachs and Wilhelm Knop, in the years 1859-65, resulted in a development of the technique of soilless cultivation.

By World War II, however, the practice was so widespread that during the Nuremberg trials, the charges against German Admiral Karl Dönitz for ordering unrestricted submarine warfare were dropped, notwithstanding that the activity constituted a clear violation of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.

By the end of 1941, the Soviet military had suffered 4. 3 million casualties and German forces had advanced 1, 050 miles ( 1, 690 kilometers ).

By April 1945, Nazi Germany faced its last days with 1. 9 million German soldiers in the East fighting 6. 4 million Red Army soldiers while 1 million German soldiers in the West battled 4 million Western Allied soldiers.