By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.

By 1850, Parliament had enacted several statutes on a case-by-case basis to deal with issues regularly faced by certain types of organizations, like joint-stock companies, and with the impetus for most types of group litigation removed, it went into a steep decline in English jurisprudence from which it never recovered.

By 1850, Newson was a prosperous businessman and was able to build Alde House, a mansion on a hill behind Aldeburgh.

By 1850 the German states were catching up, and by 1900 Germany was a world leader in industrialization, along with Britain and the United States.

By 1850 European explorers had begun mapping the interior.

By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.

By 1850 this had increased fivefold to 350 million and continued to grow rapidly thereafter, until the end of the 20th century when newer methods drastically reduced the use of delivery systems requiring stamps.

By 1850, various methods such as rouletting wheels were being devised in an effort to make stamp separation more efficient and to allow for large numbers of stamps to be quickly separated.

By 1850, North America had discovered a love of the sport, and, indeed, North America went on to develop the all-steel blade, which was both lighter and sharper.

By 1850 eleven editions had been printed.

By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states.

By 1850 California had enough settlers arriving by the California Trail and by sea to become the 31st state.

By 1850, the Jewish population consisted of 60 Sephardi families and a 30-year old Ashkenazi community of 50 families.

By 1850, Luanda was one of the largest Portuguese cities in the Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products-almost all the produce of a continued forced labour system.

By 1850 California entered the Union as a free state.

By the middle of the 19th century, subsequent to the Industrial Revolution ( 1750 – 1850 ), the great expansion of the bourgeoisie social class caused its self-stratification — by business activity and by economic function — into the haute bourgeoisie ( bankers and industrialists ) and the petite bourgeoisie ( tradesmen and white-collar workers ).

By 1850, most of the easily accessible gold had been collected, and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations.

By 1850, nearly all German states used this standard of Thaler, though with differing subdivisions.

By 1850, however, Edward Hincks came to suspect a non-Semitic origin for cuneiform.

By 1850, de Celis was listed in the Los Angeles Census as an agriculturist, 42 years old, and the owner of a real estate worth $ 20, 000.

By 1850, it was the second most populous county in Texas out of the 78 counties that had been organized at that time, according to the 1850 census.

By 1850 about thirty-nine ranches were in operation in what later became Hidalgo County.

By 1840 the population had reached 600, and in 1850 Yorkville consisted of 93 dwellings and 617 inhabitants.

By this time, portions of Ormsby County had been given over to neighboring counties, reducing the county to Carson City and a few outlying settlements.

By the 6th century the majority of the modern county was part of the East Saxon kingdom.

By 1211 the Livonian province of Metsepole ( now Limbaži district ) and mixed Livonian-Latgallian inhabited county of Idumea ( now Straupe ) was converted to the Roman Catholic faith.

By Eastern Han times, the central government monopolies were repealed in favor of production by commandery and county administrations, as well as private businessmen.

By opening the ports of the county to all nations, and proclaiming full freedom of trade ( 1626 ), the commerce of the city was given great stimulus, the noble families taking part in its mercantile enterprises.

By the 1890s the county contained the following burghs, which were largely outside the county council's jurisdiction:

By 1793, four towns had been added to the county by division of the existing towns:

By the 1860s the towns of Harmony, Knightsville, and Brazil were growing rapidly, due in part to their location along the National Road, and also because of the many coal companies in that section of the county.

By 1951, enrollment stood at 35, 000 and included teachers, county and city employees.

By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown.

By 2030, the county is expected to have a population of about 360, 000.

By 2008 the county population had grown 43 % to 137, 589.

By votes in the commission, the commissioners are given executive responsibilities for the various county departments, which fall under the categories of " Roads and Transportation ", " Community Development ", " Environmental Services ", " Health and Human Services ", " Technlogy and Land Development ", and " Finance and General Services ".

By 1852, regular rail transportation from Columbia to Baltimore, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Harrisburg made the town the commercial center for the area halfway between the county seats of Lancaster and York.

By contrast, in other municipalities, the sheriff's office may be merged with most or all city-level police departments within a county to form a consolidated city-county or metropolitan police force responsible for general law enforcement anywhere in the county.

By 1810, the county seat was at Denbigh.

By the time of the American Revolution, it was the most populous county in Virginia.

By 2005 non-Hispanic whites were 84. 5 % of the population of the county.

By the late 1950s, although immune from annexation by the bigger cities, the most recent suit by the city of Norfolk against Norfolk County would have taken all of the county land adjoining South Norfolk.

By the time most indentured workers had earned freedom and some rose to common planter status, the wealthiest planter families in the county already controlled the valuable riverfront.

By the late 1950s a majority of those graduating from high school in the county were Mexican American.

By January 1, 1991, almost of oil had been taken from county lands since 1936.

By 1920 only eighty-one people lived in the county, and only twenty-seven farms remained.