By the 1860s, there were around 5, 000 residents, and the population grew to around 10, 000 by the late 1880s.

By the early 1860s, the relationship between the imperial court and the Shogunate was changing radically.

By the 1860s, the supply of timber was exhausted.

By the 1860s, the Russian Empire – continued as the Soviet Union – became the largest contiguous state in the world, and the latter's main successor, Russia, continues to be so to this day.

By the 1860s it was apparent that wood sourced from some condemned slave ships ( possibly a Brazilian ship ) from the 1840s were infested by termites (“ white ants ”).

By the 1860s, Syrah was established as an important variety in Australia.

By the end of the 1860s, the black baseball mecca was Philadelphia, which had an African-American population of 22, 000.

By the 1860s, butter had become so in demand in France that Emperor Napoleon III offered prize money for an inexpensive substitute to supplement France's inadequate butter supplies.

By the 1860s, Steinway had built a new factory at Park Avenue and 53rd Street, the present site of the Seagram Building, where it covered a whole block.

By the 1860s top artists in the west were illustrating for children, including Crane, Randolph Caldecott, Kate Greenaway and John Tenniel.

By the 1860s the towns of Harmony, Knightsville, and Brazil were growing rapidly, due in part to their location along the National Road, and also because of the many coal companies in that section of the county.

By the 1860s the suburb of Southsea had grown along Clarendon Road as far as Granada Road.

By the 1860s, this figure had risen to three million.

By the late 1860s, Degas had shifted from his initial forays into history painting to an original observation of contemporary life.

By the late 1860s, breech-loading metallic cartridges had made the percussion cap system obsolete.

By the 1860s there were a number of substantial villas along the Edgware Road starting with Rockhall Lodge and culminating in Rockhall Terrace.

By the 1860s, London fell prey to epidemics of fever.

By the 1860s the island was being used by sea cucumber fishermen who found that the waters contained substantial quantities of the creature which was a popular delicacy in Asia.

By the 1860s, Fort Payne and the surrounding area were still sparsely settled.

By the time the Mountain Men began to arrive in the late 1820s and settlers began to arrive again in the 1860s the people of the Cornville area were a mixed community of Apache ( Dil-ze ' e ) and Yavapai ( Wipukepaya ), though the Apache are thought to have been more numerous on the east side of the Verde River.

By the 1860s the gold started to run out and the town's population and importance diminished.

By the end of the 1860s the bandit gangs were gone, and Italian settlers arrived.

By the 1860s he was propounding an ideal society called Pantarchy, and from this he moved on to a philosophy he called " universology ", which stressed the unity of all knowledge and activities.

By the 1860s, tolls were no longer being charged to cross the Washington and Central Bridges, giving further stimulus to the growth of Watchemoket and the transformation of the village from a sleepy fishing area to the vital core of East Providence in 1862.

By the end of the next decade, the 1860s, Grantsville had become a largely self-sufficient oasis of orchards and shade trees at the edge of the Territory's western deserts.

By then, several professional hockey leagues were operating in Canada, with leagues in the Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec provinces of Canada.

By the end of the century, Ontario vied with Quebec as the nation's leader in terms of growth in population, industry, arts and communications.

By October polls showed that the Bloc was up to mid forties whereas the Conservatives fell into the teens behind Liberals in their poll numbers in Quebec.

By 1940, he had moved up to the Canadiens senior team in the Quebec league.

By the Constitutional Act of 1791, the province of Quebec was divided into two separate provinces: the predominantly French Lower Canada and the predominantly English Upper Canada.

By the 1990S there were 98 in Quebec, 62 in New Brunswick, and one in Ontario, the West Montrose Covered Bridge.

By law, Bachelor degrees from government-accredited universities in Canada are considered equal, whether from Quebec or other provinces.

By making French the official language of Quebec, Quebec was no longer institutionally bilingual ( English and French ).

" By late September, the inhabitants were subsisting on a half-pound of bread a day, and those at Quebec on a quarter-pound of bread.

By the fall of 1917, a dispute between Eddie Livingstone, owner of the Blueshirts, and the owners of the NHA's other four clubs — the Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators and Quebec Bulldogs had come to a boil.

By his own admission a bit of a dabbler ( touche-à-tout ), Godbout has become one of the most important writers of his generation, with a major influence on post-1960 Quebec intellectual life.

By the early 1880s, freethought organizations were scattered throughout southern Ontario and parts of Quebec, and elicited both urban and rural support.

By the following Good Friday evening, an estimated 15, 000 rioters had sacked the conscription registration office as well as two pro-conscription newspapers within Quebec City.

By 1984 Quebec had offices in ten counties including eight in the United States and three in other Canadian provinces while Ontario had thirteen delegations in seven countries.

By the end of the 19th century, the bank was represented in all of the Maritimes, Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba.

By January 1, 1961, when Quebec finally joined, all provinces had universal coverage for hospital care.

By contrast, Quebec Liberal leader Jean Charest was able to put Bernard Landry of the Parti Québécois on the defensive.

By 1980, Vidéotron acquired Câblevision Nationale to become the largest teledistributor in Quebec.

By 1990, Vidéotron launched Vidéoway terminals in Quebec, the first system of interactive television in North America.

By 1999, Bachand had emerged as the nominal Quebec lieutenant of the Conservatives, attending most PC events in the province with Clark and acting as the party's chief spokesman for Quebec issues.

By the Royal Proclamation of 1763, Canada ( part of New France ) was renamed the Province of Quebec.

By linking the specimens to type material through morphology and DNA barcoding, they determined that the species distributed from Costa Rica to southern Quebec and Ontario, should be called A. aurea, whereas the similar and marginally sympatric species found in Central America should be called A. pustulella.