By 1970, LAFTA expanded to include four more Latin American nations: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.

By 1974, another challenge to the state's authority and legitimacy had come from 19 April Movement ( M-19 ), a mostly urban guerrilla group founded allegedly in response to an electoral fraud during the final National Front election of Misael Pastrana ( 1970 – 1974 ) and the defeat of former dictator Gustavo Rojas.

By 1970, they had tentatively identified more than 50.

By 1970, a calculator could be made using just a few chips of low power consumption, allowing portable models powered from rechargeable batteries.

By using doublespeak in advertisements, aspirin production rose by almost 50 percent from over 23 million pounds in 1960 to over 35 million pounds in 1970.

By 1970, both Parton and Wagoner had grown frustrated by her lack of solo chart success, and Porter had her record Jimmie Rodgers ' " Mule Skinner Blues ", a gimmick that worked.

By 1970 the national census registered 8. 5 million people, about a 27 percent increase, while the most recent official census in 1984 recorded a figure of 12. 3 million — almost double the 1960 figure ( see table 2, Appendix ).

By 1970 several different techniques had been shown to perform well on small text corpora such as the Cranfield collection ( several thousand documents ).

By 1970, kickboxing was telecast in Japan on three different channels three times weekly.

By January 1970, Zambia had acquired majority holding in the Zambian operations of the two major foreign mining interests, the Anglo American Corporation and the Rhodesia Selection Trust ( RST ); the two became the Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines ( NCCM ) and Roan Consolidated Mines ( RCM ), respectively.

By 1970, the city had a total area of approximately, more than five times its size in 1940.

By the 1970s some Native American film roles began to show more complexity, such as those in Little Big Man ( 1970 ), Billy Jack ( 1971 ), and The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ), which depicted Native Americans in minor supporting roles.

By 1970 automatic switching facilities were in use in Pyongyang, Sinŭiju, Hamhŭng, and Hyesan.

By 1970, Dot had become an all-country label and in 1974, Paramount sold all of its record holdings to ABC Records, which in turn was sold to MCA ( now Universal Music Group ) in 1979.

By 1970, New Left proponents had adopted the term political correctness.

By 1970, the latifundio type of industrial farm ( more than 50 hectares in area ) occupied more than 77 per cent of arable land in the country.

By 1968 all forms of segregation had been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, and by 1970 support for formal legal segregation had dissolved.

By 1970, Stanford was home to a linear accelerator, and was one of the original four ARPANET nodes ( precursor to the internet ).

By 1970 Macainsh was back with Strauks, now on drums, first in Claptrap and by 1971 in Frame which had Graeme " Shirley " Strachan as lead vocalist.

By 1970 the DGI had managed to train hundreds of Sandinista guerrilla leaders and had vast influence over the organization.

By the 1960s, tracks of 333. 3m length were commonly used for international competitions ( eg: the Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome used for track cycling events at the 1968 Summer Olympics, and Leicester's Saffron Lane velodrome used at the 1970 and 1982 Track Cycling World Championships ).

By January 1970, Zambia had acquired majority holding in the Zambian operations of the two major foreign mining corporations, the Anglo American Corporation and the Rhodesia Selection Trust ( RST ); the two became the Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines ( NCCM ) and Roan Consolidated Mines ( RCM ), respectively.

By the 2000s, Rap and Hip Hop had reached their commercial peaks, and the genre continued to dominate the music scene of the decade The best-selling artist of the decade was the American rapper Eminem, who sold 32 million albums, followed by The Beatles ( who split in 1970 but have stayed extremely popular since ).

By the end of 1970 there were more than 200 Sheridans in Vietnam, and they stayed in the field until the last US Armored Cavalry unit, the 1st Squadron, 1st Armored Cavalry prepared for re-deployment back to the United States on 10 April 1972.

By 1970, President Richard Nixon initiated a Plan of Vietnamization, which would remove the US from the Vietnam War and return the responsibility of defense back to the South Vietnamese.

By 1975, after a failed uprising by the Muslim Youth, President Daoud Khan started to dissociate himself from the Soviet Union and the communist party of Afghanistan.

By 1991 the communist governments of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania, all of which had been imposed after World War II, were brought down as revolution swept Eastern Europe.

By the late 1980s Solidarity, a Polish reform movement, became crucial in causing a peaceful transition from a communist state to the capitalist system and parliamentary democracy.

By the end of World War II, a handful of Cambodians had joined its ranks, but their influence on the Indochinese communist movement and on developments within Cambodia was negligible.

Déjacque wrote that: ‘ By government I understand all delegation, all power outside the people ,’ for which must be substituted, in a process whereby politics is transcended, the ‘ people in direct possession of their sovereignty ,’ or the ‘ organised commune .’ For Déjacque, the communist anarchist utopia would fulfil the function of inciting each proletarian to explore his or her own human potentialities, in addition to correcting the ignorance of the proletarians concerning ‘ social science .’"

By comparison, during the Cold War, there were rarely any foreign visitors to the DPRK except from other communist nations.

By early 1990, the PDS was no longer a Marxist-Leninist party, though neo-marxist and communist minority factions continue to exist.

By the end of the Cold War, many Third World countries had adopted capitalist or communist economic models and continued to receive support from the side they had chosen.

By the war's end in 1975, all these countries were controlled by communist parties.

By 1947, the Soviets had imposed a communist government in Bucharest, which was friendly and obedient towards Moscow.

By 1881, both Marx and Engels began to contemplate a course of development in Russia that would lead directly to the communist stage without the intervening bourgeois stage.

By means of the peaceful revolution in 1989, the communist regime was brought down and the city has been governed democratically since 1990.

By the end of 1969, there was little communist-held territory, or " liberated zones ," in South Vietnam, according to the official communist military history.

By the end of the year the military was experiencing equipment shortages as a result of decreased American aid, while communist forces continued to gain strength.

By 1945, communist forces already held some parts of Shandong.

By 1965 the U. S. command in Saigon estimated that communist supply requirements for their southern forces amounted to 234 tons of all supplies per day and that 195 tons were moving through Laos.

" By contrast, Întoarcerea din rai partly focuses on a failed communist rebellion, which enlists the participation of its main characters.

By June 1964, when the strategic road junction of Highways 7 and 13 was threatened by communist forces, the RLAF had 20 T-28s and 13 Lao pilots ready for action.

By the early spring of 1975 North Vietnam realized the time was right to achieve its goal of re-uniting Vietnam under communist rule, launched a series of small ground attacks to test U. S. reaction.

By 1964, Sukarno commenced an anti-American campaign due to his growing shift towards the communist bloc, and less friendly Lyndon Johnson administration.

By daylight, almost all communist forces had been driven from their objectives.

By the April 1975 communist victory, Pol Pot and his associates occupied the most important positions in the Communist Party of Kampuchea ( CPK ) and in the state hierarchies.

By early 1985, Reagan's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new Reagan Doctrinewhich, in addition to containment, formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments.

By the end of World War II, a handful of Cambodians had joined its ranks, but their influence on the Indochinese communist movement and on developments within Cambodia was negligible.

By the last week of March 1975, approximately 40, 000 communist troops had surrounded the capital and began preparing to deliver the coup de grace to about half as many Republican forces.