By virtue of his self-reliance, his individualism and his freedom from external restraint, the private eye is a perfect embodiment of the middle class conception of liberty, which amounts to doing what you please and let the devil take the hindmost.

By upholding his own personal code of behavior, the private detective has placed himself in opposition to a society whose fabric is permeated with crime and corruption.

By the laws of England, every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass ...

By nominating himself perpetual censor, he sought to control public and private morals.

Robin Lane Fox states " By the early fifth century, we know of the ownership of private icons of saints ; by c. 480-500, we can be sure that the inside of a saint's shrine would be adorned with images and votive portraits, a practice which had probably begun earlier ".

By 1669, the Dutch East India Company was the richest private company in history, with a huge fleet of merchant ships and warships, tens of thousands of employees, a private army consisting of thousands of soldiers, and a reputation on the part of its stockholders for high dividend payments.

By 2003 private companies made up 70 % of Mongolian GDP and 80 % of exports.

By the late 1990s, private meteorite-collecting expeditions had been launched throughout the Sahara.

By contrast, Askin put forward a wide-ranging program of reform and addressed contentious issues including the introduction of State Aid for private schools, making rent control fairer and the legalisation of off-course betting on horse races.

By dividing Somalia's cities into specific quarters, the private sector has found a manageable method of providing cities with electricity.

Later, Sondheim attended the New York Military Academy and George School, a private Quaker preparatory school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, where he wrote his first musical (" By George !").

By the Academic Ranking of World Universities, one of its campuses, UC Berkeley, is ranked second worldwide among public and private universities, and three — Berkeley, Los Angeles, and San Diego — are ranked among the top 15.

By ancient law, no nobleman could command more than twenty-five men ( to prevent the possibility of sedition by private armies ), and while the position of Captain General was introduced in the mid-14th century, he still had to answer to a civilian panel of twenty Savi or " wise men ".

By the middle of the century large ' jacht ' fleets were found around the Dutch coast and the Dutch states organised large ' reviews ' of private and war yachts for special occasions, thus putting in place the groundwork for the modern sport of yachting.

* The Law to Improve Occupational Old Age Pensions ( 1974 ), which extended coverage of occupational pensions whilst also “ co-ordinating them more closely with state pensions and setting minimum standards as regards benefit levels and the preservation of pension rights .” By 1976, as a result of this legislation, 65 % of private sector employees were covered by occupational schemes and over two-thirds of these workers were eligible for benefits equal to more than 15 % of their earnings at retirement.

By 1625, van Dyk was recognized by the Dutch West India Company as the private " Patron " of Tortola, and had moved his operations to Road Town.

By 1669, the VOC was the richest private company the world had ever seen, with over 150 merchant ships, 40 warships, 50, 000 employees, a private army of 10, 000 soldiers, and a dividend payment of 40 % on the original investment.

By Eastern Han times, the central government monopolies were repealed in favor of production by commandery and county administrations, as well as private businessmen.

By the early 20th century the Portuguese had shifted the administration of much of Mozambique to large private companies, like the Mozambique Company, the Zambezia Company and the Niassa Company, controlled and financed mostly by the British, which established, with the Portuguese, railroad lines to neighbouring countries.

By this time the boys stopped enjoying their success ; businessmen selling green -/ pink merchandising, fans taping their private moments, girls fainting at concert in sports arenas and gossip press coverage were the order of the day for the band.

Bhikkhu Bodhi, an American Buddhist monk, has written: " By assigning value and spiritual ideals to private subjectivity, the materialistic world view ... threatens to undermine any secure objective foundation for morality.

By 1806, rumours that Caroline had taken lovers and had an illegitimate child led to an investigation into her private life.

By early 1942, Raeder and Dönitz were openly feuding with each other, with Dönitz mocking Raeder's obsession with " dinosaurs ", as Dönitz called battleships, and Raeder complaining of Dönitz's massive ego and his tendency to run the U-boat arm as it were his own private navy.

By 502 Clovis and Alaric met on an island in the Loire near Amboise for face-to-face talks, which led to a peace treaty.

By the conditions accepted in the treaty, the Avars were to take possession of Pannonia and the Lombards were promised military support in Italy should the need arise ; also, for a period of 200 years the Lombards were to maintain the right to reclaim their former territories if the plan to conquer Italy failed, thus leaving Alboin with an alternative open.

By terms of the treaty, moreover, Alfred was to have control over the Mercian city of London and its mints — at least for the time being.

By 2011, 165 countries had signed the treaty and none are known-though some are still suspected-to possess any biological weapons.

By this treaty, they accepted Philippe of Anjou as King of Spain, but allotted Austria the Spanish territories in Italy and the Spanish Netherlands.

By the treaty, the Choctaw signed away their remaining traditional homelands, opening them up for European-American settlement in Mississippi Territory.

As for the contradiction between German rearmament and his message of peace, Ribbentrop argued to whoever would listen that the German people had been “ humiliated ” by the Versailles treaty, that Germany wanted peace above all, and German violations of Versailles were part of an effort to restore Germany's " self-respect " By the 1930s, much of British opinion had been convinced that the treaty was monstrously unfair and unjust to Germany, so as a result, many in Britain like Thomas Jones were very open to Ribbentrop ’ s message that if only Versailles could be done away with, then European peace would be secured.

By the same treaty, Spain assumed the role of protecting power over the northern and southern ( Ifni ) zones on November 27 that year.

By his abuse of the traditional right of asylum granted to ambassadorial precincts in Rome, he precipitated a quarrel between France and the papacy, which resulted in Alexander VII's temporary loss of Avignon and his forced acceptance of the humiliating treaty of Pisa in 1664.

By mid-1971, as the termination date of the British treaty relationship ( end of 1971 ) approached, the nine still had not agreed on terms of union.

By Decision 2000 / 278 / EC of 16 March 2000, the Council of the European Union approved the treaty on behalf of the European Community.

* July 11 – By the preliminary treaty signed at Villafranca, Italy, Lombardy is ceded to the French ( who immediately cede it to Sardinia ), while the Austrians keep Venetia and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war.

By the treaty of 1839, Luxembourg did not fully join Belgium, and remained a possession of the Netherlands until different inheritance laws caused it to separate as an independent Grand Duchy.

** March 26 – By the treaty of Almirra, the king of Aragon and prince of Castile come to an agreement on the attribution of Muslim lands to still to be conquered.

By the treaty of Windsor ( May 9, 1386 ), the alliance between Portugal and England was confirmed and extended.

By 1868, the Russians had annexed the Zarafshan Valley, and in 1873, the treaty turning Bukhara into a Russian protectorate was signed in Qarshi, much to the dismay of the Emir's son, Abdul Malik, who took to the hills in rebellion.

By the conditions of the peace treaty, the Northern Court and the Southern Court were supposed to alternate control of the throne.

By the time Edward arrived at Tunis, Charles had already signed a treaty with the emir, and there was little else to do but return to Sicily.

By a treaty concluded in 1860 between the Sardinian king and Napoleon III, the County was again ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy unified with Piedmont-Sardinia.

By the treaty of two years later, the Habsburgs renounced all claims to the territory of the city.

By this treaty James married Henry's daughter Margaret Tudor.

By the treaty of Alcaraz, in 1243, Alfonso X of Castile made Murcia a protectorate, getting access to Mediterrannean sea while Murcia was protected against Granada and Aragon.

By 714-16, the Muslims troops reached the Basque held Pamplona, with the town submitting apparently after a treaty was brokered between the inhabitants and the Arab military commanders.

By this treaty, Henry married Catherine, the daughter of the current French king, Charles VI, and would then succeed to the French throne upon Charles's death.