By the time of Antoine Lavoisier, for example, a list of elements would no longer refer to classical elements.

By the 1870s, Herbert Spencer and other classical liberals concluded that historical development was turning against them.

By the First World War, the Liberal Party had largely abandoned classical liberal principles.

By 1947, Hayek was an organizer of the Mont Pelerin Society, a group of classical liberals who sought to oppose what they saw as socialism in various areas.

By analogy with classical mechanics, the Hamiltonian is commonly expressed as the sum of operators corresponding to the kinetic and potential energies of a system, in the form

By the time of independence of Pakistan in 1947, Karachi had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city ’ s thoroughfares.

By the 1930s, many revisions of the rules developed that were substantially different from Babcock's classical version ( including some that were considered fundamentals in other variants, such as the notion of a standard hand ).

By contrast, in classical PKU, prolactin levels would be relatively normal.

By the end of the 18th century, in addition to the trivium and quadrivium of the Middle Ages, the definition of a classical education embraced study of literature, poetry, drama, philosophy, history, art, and languages.

The lyrics up to this point ( most of them written by Peart ) were heavily influenced by classical poetry, fantasy literature, science fiction, and the writings of novelist Ayn Rand, as exhibited most prominently by their 1975 song " Anthem " from Fly By Night and a specifically acknowledged derivation in 2112 ( 1976 ).

By the 1770s the ideas of Adam Smith, a founder of classical liberalism became important.

By 1941 he was earning a good wage, enough to pay for music lessons with Alberto Ginastera, an eminent Argentine composer of classical music.

By 1971, with the releases Pictures at an Exhibition and Trilogy, Emerson began to fully credit classical composers, Modest Mussorgsky for the piano piece which inspired the first album, and Aaron Copland for " Hoedown " on the second.

By the middle decades of the 20th century, composers like Henry Cowell, Earle Brown, David Tudor, La Monte Young, Jackson Mac Low, Morton Feldman, Sylvano Bussotti, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and George Crumb, re-introduced improvisation to classical music, with compositions that allowed or even required musicians to improvise.

By contrast, opera, fine art, books, poetry and classical music all receive extensive weekly coverage.

Many of the songs on the album display experimentation with unlikely musical genres, borrowing directly from such sources as 1930s dance-hall music ( in " Honey Pie "), classical chamber music ( in " Piggies "), the avant-garde sensibilities of Yoko Ono and John Cage ( in " Revolution 9 "), country-style music ( Ringo Starr's " Don't Pass Me By "), a western-style saloon ballad (" Rocky Raccoon "), and the lush sentimentality of Henry Mancini's film scores ( in " Good Night ").

By extension, outside of classical logic, one can speak of contradictions between actions when one presumes that their motives contradict each other.

By classical times the name of the place had evolved into the Akademeia.

By applying variational techniques from classical mechanics, one can also regard geodesics as Hamiltonian flows.

By this point classicism was old enough that previous classical movements received revivals ; for example, the Renaissance was seen as a means to combine the organic medieval with the orderly classical.

By assuming that the material contains immobile positive ions and an " electron gas " of classical, non-interacting electrons, the Drude model was able to explain electrical and thermal conductivity and the Hall effect in metals, although it greatly overestimated the electronic heat capacity.

By the end of the 17th century the " classical " musical culture of Spain was in decline, and was to remain that way until the 19th century.

By contrast, Spartan women enjoyed a status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the classical world.

By the early 20th century, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, but large parts of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule.

By 1967, when a military junta had seized power in Greece, the political impetus for enosis had faded, partly as a result of the non-aligned foreign policy of Cypriot President Makarios.

By the beginning of the Civil War, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland had recognized Finnish independence.

By the 1890s Greece was virtually bankrupt, and public insolvency was declared in 1893.

By the end of 1946, the Communist Democratic Army of Greece had been formed, pitted against the governmental National Army, which was backed first by Britain and after 1947 by the United States.

By June 1934, Albania had signed trade agreements with Yugoslavia and Greece, and Mussolini had suspended all payments to Tirana.

By 1910, Argentina, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Malaya, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States had Boy Scouts.

Greece Included in total are 11, 000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated total military dead of 26, 000 including 15, 000 deaths due to disease Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War I listed 8, 365 combat related deaths and 3, 255 missing Other estimates of Greek casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed / died wounds 5, 000 ; prisoners and missing 1, 000.

By 2010, such parties ( albeit often significant differences between them ) were present in the national parliaments of Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, Italy and Greece.

By 30 January 2009, Ireland ’ s government debt had become the riskiest in the euro zone, surpassing Greece ’ s sovereign bonds, according to credit-default swap prices.

By 1941 the Italians had suffered defeats in Greece and against the British in Egypt.

By the time the Romans conquered mainland Greece in the 2nd century BC they were importing Greek craftsmen to build major public buildings.

By the Bronze Age, chickpeas were known in Italy and Greece.

By 600 BC chattel slavery had spread in Greece.

By 1771, one could count up to 50 vessels from throughout Greece in the roads.

By granting powers to Sparta that were sure to infuriate other states when used, the treaties sowed the seeds of their own demise, and a state of near-constant warfare continued to be the norm in Greece.

By late 370 Thebes ' network of alliances in central Greece made her secure in the area — as she had not been before Leuctra — and offered scope for further expansion of Theban influence.

By late 1946 the weakening British economy meant the British could no longer support Greece, and so London asked the U. S. to step in.

By 1923 whatever Greek population remained was expelled in the population exchange between Greece and Turkey and shortly after the Turkish population moved to a more favorable location, which they called Güllü Bahçe, " rose garden ", the old Greek settlement partly still in use, today with the name Gelebeç or Kelebeş.

By that time however, the Greek provisional government's land and sea forces were far inferior to those of the Ottomans and Egyptians: in 1827, Greek regular troops numbered less than 5, 000, compared to 25, 000 Ottomans in central Greece and 15, 000 Egyptians in the Peloponnese.

By the end of the First World War, Greece had grown beyond its 1914 borders, and the treaties of Neuilly ( 1919 ) and Sèvres ( 1920 ) confirmed the Greek territorial conquests.

By marrying Aspasia without obtaining the permission of the Archbishop, Alexander disobeyed the law and his attitude caused a major scandal in Greece.

By 1247, the Nicaeans had effectively surrounded Constantinople, with only the city's strong walls holding them at bay, and the Battle of Pelagonia in 1258 signaled the beginning of the end of Latin predominance in Greece.

By passing Venetian possessions in Greece, such as the Ionian Islands, to French rule, the Treaty of Campo Formio had an effect on later Greek history which was not intended or expected at the time.