By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.

By implementing a refractive index correction such as this, an approximate realization of the metre can be implemented in air, for example, using the formulation of the metre as wavelengths of helium-neon laser light in vacuum, and converting the wavelengths in a vacuum to wavelengths in air.

By encouraging the inclusion of semantic content in web pages, the Semantic Web aims at converting the current web dominated by unstructured and semi-structured documents into a " web of data ".

By converting existing Enfield rifles this way, the cost of a " new " breech-loading Snider-Enfield rifle was only 12 shillings.

By converting nicotinamide to niacin, nicotinamide is removed, inhibiting the activity of Sir2.

By partly converting prey items into stomach oil storm petrels can maximise the amount of energy chicks receive during feed, an advantage for small seabirds that can only make a single visit to the chick during a 24 hour period ( at night ).

By progressively converting dissolved material into solids, usually a biological floc, which is then settled out, an effluent stream of increasing purity is produced.

By summer 1941 the Office of Price Administration believed, however, that with factories converting to military production and consuming many critical supplies, rationing would become necessary if the country entered World War II.

By converting to Islam, individuals among the conquered could elevate themselves to the privileged stratum of society.

By the mid-1880s, all three parties had been successful in converting substantial numbers of Baganda, some of whom attained important positions at court.

* By nominalizing the relative clause ( e. g. converting it to a participial construction ).

By converting SOL to SOLL via the local bank ( where SOLL is stored and can gain interest ) with a 1 SOL = 1 SOLL conversion rate, energy can be turned into cash.

By digitally converting the film and editing the media together on an Avid system, Murch synchronized the visual and audio elements.

By the time that he died, Archelaus had succeeded in converting Macedon into a significantly stronger power.

By converting existing computers into thin clients, an educational institution can also gain more control over how their students are using computing resources as all of the user sessions can be monitored on the server.

By converting a number less than n!

By the next century conquests had reached the Sulu islands in the southern tip of the Philippines where the population was animistic and they took up the task of converting the animistic population to Islam with renewed zeal.

" By clarifying, then agreeing on the project priorities and subsequently converting abstract priorities ( compliance ) to measurable values ( output data can be validated against schema X with zero intervention ), ISO / IEC 9126 tries to develop a common understanding of the project's objectives and goals.

By 1700, however, the Ottomans began persecuting Catholics and preventing their Orthodox subjects from converting.

By first rewording this as or (“ Chōkimochi ii !”) – which roughly translates as “( I have a ) Super good feeling !” – and then converting to gyaru-moji to get or, the message could prove difficult for those not versed in the style to understand.

By converting the PostScript or other page description language input into a series of graphics commands, the contents of a page can usually be represented in a more modest amount of memory.

By the time he was a teenager, Palmer had taught himself enough electronics to build several computer-controlled musical instruments of his own, converting his parents ’ music room and den into an 8-track recording studio in the process.

* By the 2013 season, the west side press box complex will be renovated, moving all press facilities to the sixth floor and converting the existing space to new premium suites.

By 1910 the railway was busy converting all its old saddle tank locomotives to carry pannier tanks.

By this time she had learned that it was futile to argue with her young husband, yet the uncomfortable fact remained: the American Congregationalists were sending them as missionaries to the Far East and paying their salaries.

By 1944 US and British air forces were sending huge air fleets over occupied Europe, increasing the pressure on the Luftwaffe day and night fighter forces.

By sending messages to a method activation can ask questions like " who sent this message to me ".

" By January 1909, Gonne was sending Yeats letters praising the advantage given to artists who abstain from sex.

By the winter of 1944-1945, he began sending vivid radio accounts of the German counter-attack in the Ardennes known as the Battle of the Bulge, and he accompanied Allied forces across the Rhine River and into Berlin.

By noting how much error-correction occurred in each received and decoded message, an ALE node can detect the " quality " of the path between the sending station and itself.

By default they use a Carrier sensing mechanism called ' exponential backoff ', or ( Distributed coordination function ) that relies upon a station attempting to ' listen ' for another station's broadcast before sending.

By sending signals over the Internet it allows radios to be connected together all over the world.

According to Cormac Herley, a researcher for Microsoft, " By sending an email that repels all but the most gullible, the scammer gets the most promising marks to self-select.

By instead comparing the radiated power in a given direction to the actual power that the antenna receives from the transmitter, the power gain takes into account that poorer efficiency, making it a more useful figure of merit for the ability of a transmitter in sending a radio wave toward a receiver.

By preparing the tape " off-line " and then sending the message with a tape reader, the line could operate continuously rather than depending on continuous " on-line " typing by a single operator.

By the middle of the eighteenth century, Bermuda was sending twice as many privateers to sea as any of the continental colonies.

By 1896, with financing from moguls like J. P. Morgan, John Jacob Astor IV, and the Vanderbilts, they had constructed giant underground conduits leading to turbines generating upwards of, and were sending power as far as Buffalo, away.

By using a matter / antimatter reactor to create plasma, and by sending this plasma through warp coils, he created a warp bubble which he could use to move a craft into subspace and hence exceed the speed of light.

By being crowned Tsar, Ivan was sending a message to the world and to Russia: he was now the one and only supreme ruler of the country, and his will was not to be questioned.

By 1917 and 1918 Pancho Villa was sending banditos across the Rio Grande.

By the time European powers were capable of sending ships to Chinese waters, Chinese isolationism had resulted in these developments being abandoned and forgotten, and construction halted on all but the smallest types of junks so that what they encountered were coastal defence ships comparable to European sloops and not the purported 137-metre-long ( 450 ft ) and 55-metre-wide ( 180 ft ) treasure ships Admiral Zheng He commanded.

By sending a mix of different packet colors, the aggregate bandwidth could be improved.

By means of an error detection code, such as a checksum, the transport protocol may check that the data is not corrupted, and verify correct receipt by sending an ACK or NACK message to the sender.

By happenstance, one of the asteroid explorers enters a ship and hits a button, activating the vehicle and sending him on a thirty-day journey to another solar system.

By the 15th century, it had evolved into an occasion in which lovers expressed their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greeting cards ( known as " valentines ").

By this time, Henry IV was no longer a child, and he continued to appoint his own bishops and he reacted to this declaration by sending Gregory VII a letter in which he withdrew his imperial support of Gregory as pope in no uncertain terms: the letter was headed " Henry, king not through usurpation but through the holy ordination of God, to Hildebrand, at present not pope but false monk ".< ref name =" HalsallPaul "> Halsall, Paul.

By sending the volunteer army into battle, Quwwatli hope to spare Syria from exposing its own troops to defeat, which could leave the country exposed to attack from Abdullah and possibly Jewish forces.

By February 1946, the sending of aid parcels to anarchists in Germany was a large-scale operation.