By the 1940s, the term commonly was capitalized, Negro, but by the mid 1960s it was considered disparaging.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.

By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood.

By the mid 1960s, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main memory sizes were most commonly powers of two.

" By the mid 2000s, bikinis had become a $ 811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company.

By the mid 1970s, born again Christians were increasingly referred to in the mainstream media as part of the born again movement.

By the mid 20th century, with the growing market for rare coins, the Sheldon system was adopted by the American Numismatic Association and most coin professionals in the North America.

By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany, New York and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world.

By the mid 19th century, Edward Frankland, F. A.

By the mid to late 2000s, many disco-influenced songs were hits.

By mid century, the cooperative Christian Churches and the independent Christian Churches were following different paths.

By the mid — 18th century the French chemist Charles François de Cisternay du Fay had discovered two types of static electricity, and that like charges repel each other whilst unlike charges attract.

By the mid 1970s, there were enough media zines being published that adzines existed just to advertise all of the other zines available.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By the mid 17th century, numerous small Dutch and Flemish distillers ( some 400 in Amsterdam alone by 1663 ) had popularized the re-distillation of malt spirit or wine with juniper, anise, caraway, coriander, etc., which were sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout.

By the mid 1890s, the Golden Dawn was well established in Great Britain, with membership rising to over a hundred and including every class of Victorian society.

By the mid 1960s, Viola Spolin's classes were handed over to her protégé, Jo Forsberg, who further developed Spolin's methods into a one-year course, which eventually became The Players Workshop, the first official school of improvisation in the USA.

By the mid 1970s, Sweden experienced a recession that struck especially hard on the industrial sector ; shipyards and manufacturing industries were hard hit, which led to high unemployment in many cities of Scania.

By mid July, the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead.

By mid July, North Korean troops overwhelmed the South Korean and allied American units defending South Korea and forced them back to a defensive perimeter in south-east South Korean known as the Pusan Perimeter.

By the mid to late-1970s some parts of the capitalist world, including South Korea, were creating new industries based around computers, electronics, and other advanced technology in contrast to North Korea's Stalinist economy of mining and steel production.

By mid July they had Somoza and the National Guard isolated in Managua.

By the mid 19th century, the industrial revolution had transformed England and had begun in France.

By 1883 the `` Battenkill Telegraph Company '' was in existence and Alvin Pettibone was its president.

By 1883 Smith's Directory listed several telegraph offices operated by the Post Office, in addition to those at Douglas, Ramsey, Castletown and Peel the telegraph was also available at Laxey, Ballaugh, and Port St. Mary.

By 1996, a series of RFCs was released defining Internet Protocol version 6 ( IPv6 ), starting with RFC 1883.

* By the Seashore ( 1883 )

By 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams, and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun.

By 1883, Morris wrote " Almost all the designs we use for surface decoration, wallpapers, textiles, and the like, I design myself.

By 1880 Houghton had become " a burgeoning city " and in 1883, the railroad was extended from Marquette.

By 1883 Catron had consolidated the deeds he held for the whole of the grant sans the original villages and their associated fields.

By 1883, the " Marysville Tribune " and the " Union County Journal " were the only newspapers published in the county.

By 1883, the principal market for this tobacco was Cincinnati, but it was grown throughout central Kentucky and Middle Tennessee.

By 1877, the village population was up to 300 and in 1883 the Orangeville Alert, the first village newspaper, was established.

By 1883, a small business community emerged, including a hotel, flour mill, and several shops.

By the 1880s, there were canning factories in Harrington and Columbia Falls, and a blueberry rake was designed by Abijah Tabbutt in 1883.

By 1883, the western boundary of Minneapolis was at France Avenue.

By 1883 the Minnesota Iron Company had purchased all but four acres of Thomas Sextons land around Agate Bay.

By 1900, Chester Atwood had increased his land holdings and his family included wife Patsy Ann ( familiarly called Mattie ), daughters Ottie ( b. 1883 ) and Arrie ( b. 1886 ), son Bennie ( b. 1887 ), daughter Allie ( b. 1889 ), son Coleman ( b. 1891 ), and daughters Lizzie ( b. 1893 ) and Ambrozia ( b. 1895 ).

By 1883, the town's population had more than doubled.

By 1883, the DL & W had begun to construct a breaker and to prepare railroad beds for a branch line connecting the breaker to the DL & W's railroad line on the west shore of the Susquehanna River.

By the time Anna was platted in 1883, it had a population of twenty, two stores, a steam gristmill, and a Baptist church.

By 1883, 15 lots had been sold.

By the fall of 1883 an irrigation system was constructed on the Wheatland flats including a 2, 380 foot long tunnel to divert water for irrigation into Bluegrass Creek and the first two of the system's canals.

By 1883, the first transcontinental rail was established.

By 1883 there were 15 homes in the vicinity.