By the later 3rd century, however, some Christians began to express dissatisfaction with the custom of relying on the Jewish community to determine the date of Easter.

By then all Hellenistic kingdoms and the Greek city-states were in decline, exhausted from endless civil wars and relying on mercenary troops.

By overthrowing the Galenic tradition and relying on his own observations, Vesalius created a new scientific method.

By the end of the century, both the Capetian Dynasty and the House of Anjou are relying primarily on mercenaries in their militaries.

By the year 2000, some completely new bidding systems had evolved, including " Precision Club " and " 2 / 1 Game Forcing " which, although still relying on point-count rules for hand evaluation, are otherwise substantial departures from the early Goren system.

By early 2001, emerging telecommunications carriers and online businesses – two groups Global Crossing had been relying on to build traffic on its network – were fading fast.

* By engaging the Israelis directly, rather than relying on the authority or the assistance of neighboring Arab states, Palestinians were able to demonstrate their identity as a separate nation worthy of self-determination.

By 1800, the large land holdings had been sub-divided into smaller farms, many of them relying on enslaved labor.

By the mid-1970s, relying on increased oil revenues, the Shah began a series of even more ambitious and bolder plans for the progress of his country and the march toward the " White Revolution ".

By 1902 he may have been relying heavily on the drug.

By December 1958, France had begun to run out of money and started relying on race ticket sales to complete construction.

By November 1937, there had only been slow progress, because of a serious lack of data on which to base any design recommendations, and the Committee proposed that the Home Office should have its own department for research into structural precautions, rather than relying on research work done by the Bombing Test Committee to support the development of bomb design and strategy.

By relying on Bradley, Eliot is able to formulate his own skepticism and states: " Everything, from one point of view, is subjective ; and everything, from another point of view is objective ; and there is no absolute point of view from which a decision may be pronounced.

By relying on identity information, such as that publicly traceable to telephone numbers or voter registration addresses and that voluntarily provided by respondents such as age and gender, polls can be made more scientific.

" By relying largely on Israeli Army sources, Mr. Keith Richburg and Mr. Lee Hockstader portrayed an inaccurate picture for the Israeli operation on Thursday, November 9th, against Mr. Hussein Abayat.

By relying on the result of one cell from the multi-cell embryo, PGD operates under the assumption that this cell is representative of the remainder of the embryo.

By relying on fundamental principles, Bernardin also sought to coordinate work on several different spheres of Catholic moral theology.

By relying on ideals, she claimed people become unable to think and evaluate problems and solutions by themselves, but simply fall back on their beliefs for " pre-fabricated answers " to any problem they encounter.

By introducing an already pre-formed basis of the target crystal to act upon, the intermolecular interactions are formed much more easily / readily than relying on random flow.

By relying on a large nuclear arsenal for deterrence, President Eisenhower believed that conventional forces could be reduced while still maintaining military prestige and power and the capability to defend the western bloc.

By contrast, imposing the jury factfinding requirement onto the Guidelines would " destroy the system " by " prevent a judge from relying on a presentence report for factual information, relevant to sentencing, uncovered after the trial ," because such facts would necessarily not have been submitted to the jury during the course of the trial.

By relying on models as the basis for explanation, the theory will never be able to identify the system that actually instantiates the mathematical results.

By now, Blackburn were relying on goals from Matt Jansen and David Dunn to see them to promotion.

By the time the 1999 album was released, Prince was relying more and more on electronic drums and Rivkin had to adapt his style to operate these in concert.

By then Hez could see for himself, and so could the others.

By her eighteenth birthday her bent for writing was so evident that Papa and Mamma gave her a Life Of Dickens as a spur to her aspiration.

By political, economic, geographic and natural standards, they were justified in doing so.

By this time Churchill was not so cordial toward moving Poland westward as he had been at Teheran, where he and Eden had both heartily approved the idea.

By these measures, Congress, so the Court ( in effect ) now decides, gave not only needless but inadequate relief, since it now appears that the federal courts have inherent power to sterilize the Act of 1875 against all proceedings challenging local regulation ''.

By early summer, he wrote from Laramie that he was suffering from the wound inflicted in the ambush and was in a bad way financially, so Pels sent him a draft for $100, warning that it was still not wise for him to return.

By the time Felix turned up it was early afternoon, which, one would think, would be late enough so that by then, except for small children and a few hardy souls who had not yet sobered up, it could have been expected that people would no longer be having any sort of active interest in the previous night's noisemakers and paper hats.

By 1903 the Liberals were so dominant that there was no longer an organized opposition in Parliament.

By 407, the estrangement between the eastern and western courts had become so bitter that it threatened civil war.

By the 6th century Alexander's commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was referred to as " the commentator " ().

By doing so, it links the holy past to the historical present and represents Alfred's law-giving as a type of divine legislation.

By so strongly validating one role, that of the male citizen, it has been argued that democracy compromised the status of those who did not share it.

By " art " we may frame several artistic " works " or " creations " as so though this reference remains within the institution or special event which creates it and this leaves some works or other possible " art " outside of the frame work, or other interpretations such as other phenomenon which may not be considered as " art ".

By December 1790 Phillip was ready to return to England, but the colony had largely been forgotten in London and no instructions reached him, so he carried on.

By decree of pope Leo X they were created papal nobles, ranking as Comes palatinus (' Count Palatine '), familiars and members of the papal household, so that they might enjoy all the privileges of domestic prelates and of prelates in actual attendance on the Pope, as regards plurality of benefices as well as expectives.

" By the Way " was popular with the readership, and of course, one of the reasons it lasted so long.

By the charter renewal in 1781 it was also the bankers ' bank – keeping enough gold to pay its notes on demand until 26 February 1797 when war had so diminished gold reserves that the government prohibited the Bank from paying out in gold.

By the 1890s, the portion from 23rd Street to 34th Street was so brightly illuminated by electrical advertising signs, that people began calling it " The Great White Way.

By the last years of the 19th century, The British Museum's collections had increased so much that the Museum building was no longer big enough for them.

By that time, the majority of black people were U. S .- born, so use of the term " African " became problematic.

By the mid-20th century, the number of examples of people skipping stages, such as going from hunter-gatherers to post-industrial service occupations in one generation, were so numerous that 19th-century evolutionism was effectively disproved.

These films should not be confused with comedic cult movies like The Toxic Avenger, Bad Taste, Army of Darkness, Murder By Death, Spaceballs, and the films of John Waters, which purposely utilize elements from films " so bad they're good " for comedic effect.

By this method each bull can serve very many cows, so only a very few of the purebred dairy male calves are needed to provide bulls for breeding.

By the 9th century, eunuch singers were well-known ( not least in the choir of Hagia Sophia ), and remained so until the sack of Constantinople by the Western forces of the Fourth Crusade in 1204.

By then, Confucius had build up a considerable reputation through his teachings, while the families came to see the value of proper conduct and righteousness, so they could achieve loyalty to a legitimate government.