By the 1860s, there were around 5, 000 residents, and the population grew to around 10, 000 by the late 1880s.

By the early 1860s, the relationship between the imperial court and the Shogunate was changing radically.

By the 1860s, the supply of timber was exhausted.

By the 1860s, the Russian Empire – continued as the Soviet Union – became the largest contiguous state in the world, and the latter's main successor, Russia, continues to be so to this day.

By the 1860s it was apparent that wood sourced from some condemned slave ships ( possibly a Brazilian ship ) from the 1840s were infested by termites (“ white ants ”).

By the 1860s, Syrah was established as an important variety in Australia.

By the end of the 1860s, the black baseball mecca was Philadelphia, which had an African-American population of 22, 000.

By the 1860s, butter had become so in demand in France that Emperor Napoleon III offered prize money for an inexpensive substitute to supplement France's inadequate butter supplies.

By the 1860s, Steinway had built a new factory at Park Avenue and 53rd Street, the present site of the Seagram Building, where it covered a whole block.

By the 1860s top artists in the west were illustrating for children, including Crane, Randolph Caldecott, Kate Greenaway and John Tenniel.

By the 1860s the towns of Harmony, Knightsville, and Brazil were growing rapidly, due in part to their location along the National Road, and also because of the many coal companies in that section of the county.

By the 1860s the suburb of Southsea had grown along Clarendon Road as far as Granada Road.

By the 1860s, this figure had risen to three million.

By the late 1860s, Degas had shifted from his initial forays into history painting to an original observation of contemporary life.

By the late 1860s, breech-loading metallic cartridges had made the percussion cap system obsolete.

By the 1860s there were a number of substantial villas along the Edgware Road starting with Rockhall Lodge and culminating in Rockhall Terrace.

By the 1860s, London fell prey to epidemics of fever.

By the 1860s the island was being used by sea cucumber fishermen who found that the waters contained substantial quantities of the creature which was a popular delicacy in Asia.

By the 1860s, Fort Payne and the surrounding area were still sparsely settled.

By the time the Mountain Men began to arrive in the late 1820s and settlers began to arrive again in the 1860s the people of the Cornville area were a mixed community of Apache ( Dil-ze ' e ) and Yavapai ( Wipukepaya ), though the Apache are thought to have been more numerous on the east side of the Verde River.

By the 1860s the gold started to run out and the town's population and importance diminished.

By the end of the 1860s the bandit gangs were gone, and Italian settlers arrived.

By the 1860s he was propounding an ideal society called Pantarchy, and from this he moved on to a philosophy he called " universology ", which stressed the unity of all knowledge and activities.

By the 1860s, tolls were no longer being charged to cross the Washington and Central Bridges, giving further stimulus to the growth of Watchemoket and the transformation of the village from a sleepy fishing area to the vital core of East Providence in 1862.

By the end of the next decade, the 1860s, Grantsville had become a largely self-sufficient oasis of orchards and shade trees at the edge of the Territory's western deserts.

By 2000, Hughes Space and Communications ( now Boeing Satellite Development Center ) had built nearly 40 percent of the more than one hundred satellites in service worldwide.

By the end of the decade, Hughes ' realised his ongoing drug problem was derailing him, and by 1991 a clean, sober and fully rejuvenated Hughes returned with the vocal for the hit " America: What Time Is Love?

By 1885 he was farming of what later would become eastern Hughes County, and was enumerated in the Choctaw Nation census of that year.

By 1915 Fisher's health was suffering and, in October, he resigned and was succeeded by Hughes.

By the time of Lyons ' death in 1939, Hughes was also serving as Attorney General and Minister for Industry.

By the summer of 1947, certain politicians had become concerned about Hughes ' alleged mismanagement of the Spruce Goose and the XF-11 photo reconnaissance plane project.

By 1954, the New Theatre, Cardiff had become the company's base and it staged a short season between 1 – 13 November, with performances of Les vêpres siciliennes, Rigoletto, Nabucco, Verdi's Requiem, The Bartered Bride, Faust, Die Fledermaus and the premiere performance of Menna by Welsh composer Arwel Hughes.

By the 1950s, after further development at the Electron Tube Laboratory at Hughes Aircraft Company in Culver City, California, TWTs went into production there, and by the 1960s TWTs were also produced by such companies as the English Electric Valve Company, followed by Ferranti in the seventies.

By the time he had recovered, however, United had signed Eric Cantona and the Frenchman was firmly established as first choice strike partner to Mark Hughes.

By 1958, Howard Hughes had become a recluse who hated any kind of public scrutiny.

By week's end, Hughes had been missing for two weeks.

By late 1986 / early 1987, the line-up had changed to include Paul Livingston ( guitar ), John Douglas ( guitar ) and Stephen Douglas ( drums ), along with Frank Reader moving to vocals and Davy Hughes to bass.

By 1890, John Hughes, who would later become a senator, was already into helping his mother improve women rights.

By the mid-1990s, many Hughes chains were sold to Ralphs, which soon was sold to Fred Meyer, before going to Kroger.

More recently, in 2011, Dennis Haskins appeared in the video for " See You In Shell " by I Wrestled A Bear Once which parodied Saved By The Bell and films by John Hughes.

By 1948, Hughes had created its Aerospace Group to work with the newly created U. S. Air Force.

By 1953, both Ramo and the Air Force had become increasingly frustrated with management problems at Hughes.

By the end of November, McClair had scored just twice in the league and Hughes had found the net eight times, and United were mid table after a run of eight draws and one defeat.

In 1981, Summa's Hughes Helicopter Division was reconstituted as Hughes Helicopters, Inc .. By December, six AH-64A prototypes had been built and the Army had awarded a purchase contract to the company.

By Allen J. Beck, Ph. D., Timothy A. Hughes, Doris J. James Wilson.

By the Autumn of 1926, Hurston had begun a course at Barnard, Hughes had returned to college in Pennsylvania, Davis was at Harvard and occupied with editing Crisis, Bennett was at Howard and occupied with her column for Opportunity, and even Thurman had taken a new job editing World Tomorrow magazine.

By the end of the season Hughes had scored eight goals, making him the club's second highest goalscorer.