By the 1940s, the term commonly was capitalized, Negro, but by the mid 1960s it was considered disparaging.

By the late 1940s it was known that the properties of atomic nucleus could not be explained by the then-current models ( such as the liquid drop model developed by Niels Bohr amongst others ).

By the 1940s, it became clear that unit operations alone was insufficient in developing chemical reactors.

By the late 1930s and the 1940s, Italian Fascism completely denounced capitalism as an obsolete and oppressive system, Mussolini in 1940 at the entry of Italy into World War II, said:

By the 1940s the island had an airport ( just west of Puerto del Rosario on the road to Tindaya, still visible today ).

By the late 1940s, Oral Roberts was well known, and he continued with faith healing until the 1980s.

By the early 1940s the dance was known as " New Yorker " on the West Coast.

By the end of the 19th century, the economy began declining and by the 1940s, Malta's economy was in serious crisis.

) By the late 1940s, head coach Earle " Greasy " Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games, winning two of them in 1948 and 1949.

By the late 1940s the ' Type 10 ' was ready to be handed over to Philips ' subsidiary Johan de Witt in Dordrecht to be productionised and incorporated into a generator set as originally planned.

By this time home phonographs had become much more common, though it wasn't until the 1940s that console radio / phono set-ups with automatic record changers became more common.

By the late 1940s, he was the host.

By the 1940s, the spellings " hoagie " and, to a lesser extent, " hoagy " had come to dominate lesser user variations like " hoogie " and " hoggie ".

By the early 1940s, the British film industry began to combine documentary techniques with fictional stories in films like Noël Coward's In Which We Serve ( 1942 ), Millions Like Us ( 1943 ) and The Way Ahead ( 1944 ).

By its end, the world had largely recovered from World War II and the Cold War developed from its modest beginning in the late 1940s to a hot competition between the United States and the Soviet Union by the beginning of the 1960s.

By the end of the 1940s the number of languages broadcast had expanded and reception had improved following the opening of a relay in modern day Malaysia and of the Limassol relay, Cyprus, in 1957.

By the mid 1940s, jazz artists were changing their approach.

By the early 1940s, however, Jesuit theologian John Courtney Murray perceived that the most important coming challenge was secularism, a challenge that could best be confronted by many faith communities working together.

By the 1940s, Tracy was one of the studio's top stars.

By the late 1940s, milk bars had evolved to include not only groceries, but also became places where young people could buy ready-made food, non-alcoholic drinks and socialise.

By the 1940s, it was a leading international popular entertainment.

By the 1940s, writing preferences had shifted towards stiffer nibs that could withstand the greater pressure required for writing through copy paper to create duplicate documents.

By this time, his approval ratings had dipped into the teens, and were at 11 % in a 1992 Gallup poll, making him one of the most unpopular prime ministers since opinion polling began in Canada in the 1940s.

By the 1940s, budget concerns and national trends made it clear that Louisville Girls High School and duPont Manual would merge into one coeducational school.

By the middle of the 1940s, three-quarters of the records produced in America went into jukeboxes.

By what right of superior virtue, Southerners ask, do the people of the North do this??

By virtue of his self-reliance, his individualism and his freedom from external restraint, the private eye is a perfect embodiment of the middle class conception of liberty, which amounts to doing what you please and let the devil take the hindmost.

By what one reader called a `` series of dissolving views '', he merges one period into another and gives a sense of continuous growth.

By this time there is little doubt but what election plans were complete.

By and large, what happens to business as a whole will govern the relationship between demand and supply conditions in the capital markets and will thus determine interest rates.

Whenever any result is sought by its aid, the question will then arise — By what course of calculation can these results be arrived at by the machine in the shortest time?

By 1946, as the growing fellowship quarreled over structure, purpose, and authority, as well as finances and publicity, Wilson began to form and promote what became known as AA's Twelve Traditions, guidelines for an altruistic, unaffiliated, non-coercive, and non-hierarchical structure that limited AA's purpose to only helping alcoholics on a non-professional level while shunning publicity.

By the end of the book, Paul realizes that he no longer knows what to do with himself and decides that he has nothing more to lose.

By 1722, his son Mahmud captured what is now Iran and declared himself as Shah of Persia.

By the mid-1990s, however, companies were beginning to ask what the return was on the investment they had made in this loosely controlled PC software buying spree.

By the early 20th century the Liberals stance began to shift towards " New Liberalism ", what would today be called social liberalism: a belief in personal liberty with a support for government intervention to provide minimum levels of welfare.

By the 18th century, the area from Sambas to Berau were tributaries to the Banjar Kingdom, but this eventually shrunk to the size of what is now South Kalimantan as a result of agreements with the Dutch.

By the end of 1971, 29 barricades were in place to prevent access to what was known as Free Derry, 16 of them impassable even to the British Army's one-ton armoured vehicles.

By attaining mastery over one's passions, reason, will and desire can harmoniously work together to do what is good.

By the 1880s, Pissarro began to explore new themes and methods of painting in order to break out of what he felt was an artistic “ mire ”.

By his own admission, Hubbard made what he considered was one of the greatest mistakes of his life when he used the biological definition of engram as a " trace on a cell ", which was not in line with the proper biological definition.

By his second season, Howe was paired with Sid Abel and Ted Lindsay to form what would become one of the great lines in NHL history – the " Production Line ".

" By the later segments of Kino-Pravda, Vertov was experimenting heavily, looking to abandon what he considered film clichés ( and receiving criticism for it ); his experimentation was even more pronounced and dramatic by the time of Man with a Movie Camera, which was filmed in Ukraine.

By this time he had started what was to be an enduring friendship with the romantic poet Patrice Contamine, and had had his first compositions published by his father.

By substituting these three verbs, even without clarifying morality ( ought, shall, should, must ) or the actor ( s ) who do or did something, becomes / remains / equals makes clear what time frame of relationship is asserted, and disallows assuming one stable past / present / future timeline-known as single scenario planning or blind linearity and considered a grave error in risk analysis.

By the 1920s, the U. S. reached what is still its era of greatest-ever output, producing an average of 800 feature films annually, or 82 % of the global total ( Eyman, 1997 ).

By 1918, two French mathematicians, Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia, though working independently, arrived essentially simultaneously at results describing what are now seen as fractal behaviour associated with mapping complex numbers and iterative functions and leading to further ideas about attractors and repellors ( i. e., points that attract or repel other points ), which have become very important in the study of fractals ( see Figure 3 and Figure 4 ).

By this document the Church gave up much of what had been claimed and subsequently attained by Pope Gregory VII and his Gregorian Reforms.

By 1947, Hayek was an organizer of the Mont Pelerin Society, a group of classical liberals who sought to oppose what they saw as socialism in various areas.

By restricting the sale of land leases, the Hong Kong government keeps the price of land at what some would say are artificially high prices and this allows the government to support public spending with a low tax rate.