By the 1970s the authors of volumes such as Reinventing Anthropology worried about anthropology's relevance.

By the 1970s the shift was underway from the earlier economic history to cultural history and the history of mentalities.

By the 1970s the government adopted a policy of keeping employment artificially high in the declining industry.

By the 1970s the Museum was again expanding.

By the 1970s the area was notorious for street robberies and drug dealing.

By the mid-1950s the system was being used in at least sixty British libraries and in a hundred by the 1970s.

By the mid 1970s, born again Christians were increasingly referred to in the mainstream media as part of the born again movement.

By 1968, the design had reached the one known today, and has been used continuously from this year, apart from a period in the 1970s when the just the letters CAFC appeared on the team's shirts.

By 1982 the stagnation of the Soviet economy was obvious, as evidenced by the fact that the Soviet Union had been importing grain from the U. S. throughout the 1970s, but the system was so firmly entrenched that any real change seemed impossible.

By the late 1970s, two and a half million British homes received their television service via cable.

By the early 1970s electronic pocket calculators ended manufacture of mechanical calculators, although the Curta remains a popular collectable item.

By the late 1970s, RCA decided to remove Atkins from his producing duties and replace him with younger men.

By the late 1970s, a strong anti-disco sentiment developed among rock fans and musicians, particularly in the United States.

By the late 1970s, melodrama was nearly finished as an overt genre, as the hunger for realism dominated film in groundbreaking movies like Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets.

By the late 1970s the good times were over for both downtown and local businesses and industries.

By the late 1970s, the EPLF had become the dominant armed Eritrean group fighting against the Ethiopian Government, and Isaias Afewerki had emerged as its leader.

During the late 1970s he acquired a large public audience as a critic of the then Labour government's disregard of civil liberties ; his writings from this time are collected in Writing By Candlelight ( 1980 ).

By the 1960s – 1970s quantum electrochemistry was developed by Revaz Dogonadze and his pupils.

By the late 1970s, these had achieved only mixed results due to flaws in the planning process as well as inadequate funding and a shortage of the skilled managers and technicians needed for implementation.

By the early 1970s, the picture changed: software costs were dramatically increasing, a growing software industry was competing with the hardware manufacturer's bundled software products ( free in that the cost was included in the hardware cost ), leased machines required software support while providing no revenue for software, and some customers able to better meet their own needs did not want the costs of " free " software bundled with hardware product costs.

By the late 1970s, many companies around the world ( but especially Japan ), entered the fax market.

By the early 1970s there were 22 associations with women's sections in the FIH and 36 associations in the IFWHA.

By the mid 1970s, there were enough media zines being published that adzines existed just to advertise all of the other zines available.

By the 1970s the science fiction community was confronting questions of feminism and sexism within science fiction culture itself.

By the 1970s and 1980s, true female heroes started to emerge on the pages of comics.

" By 1972 when GE and RCA were no longer in the mainframe business, the remaining five companies behind IBM became known as the BUNCH, an acronym based on their initials.

By the late 1980s, the personal computer market had become dominated by the IBM PC and Apple Macintosh platforms.

By this point, both the IBM PC and Apple Macintosh had a much larger market share than the Amiga platform.

By reducing the number of tracks used ( and thus the capacity ), Commodore could further reduce cost-in contrast to the double-density drives used e. g. in IBM PCs of the day which saved 180 KB on one side ( by using a 40-track format ).

By the mid-1990s, Compaq's price war had enabled it to overtake IBM and Apple, while other IBM PC Compatible manufacturers such as Packard Bell and AST were driven from the market.

By 1950, the IBM card had become ubiquitous in industry and government.

By the early 1990s, conflicts developed in the Microsoft / IBM relationship.

By extending the 16 / 24-bit IBM PC / AT standard into a natively 32-bit computing environment, Compaq became the first third party to implement a major technical hardware advance on the PC platform.

By 1995, Windows 95 negotiations between IBM and Microsoft which were already difficult stalled when IBM purchased Lotus SmartSuite which would have directly competed with Microsoft Office.

Minnesota SNOBOL4, By Viktors Berstis, the closest PC implementation to the original IBM mainframe version ( even including Fortran-like FORMAT statement support ) is also free, and is at http :// www. berstis. com / snobol4. htm.

By 1969, the debate over virtual memory for commercial computers was over ; an IBM research team led by David Sayre showed that their virtual memory overlay system consistently worked better than the best manually controlled systems.

By the late 1980s buyers began to regard PCs as commodities, and doubted that the security blanket of the IBM brand warranted the greater price.

By the late 1990s, the success of Microsoft Windows had driven rival commercial operating systems into near-extinction, and had ensured that the “ IBM PC compatible ” computer was the dominant computing platform.

By 1986 the number of mainframe makers had dropped from 8 ( IBM and the " seven dwarfs ") to 6 ( IBM and the " BUNCH ") to 4: IBM, Unisys, NCR, and Control Data Corporation.

By the end of the summer of 1986, Salas had created a slideshow-like demonstration of a system known as Modeler on the IBM PC.

By 2003 an " About Lotus " link returned to the Lotus. com page on its sidebar, but this time identifying the company as " Lotus software from IBM " and showing in its contact information " Lotus Software,

By 2008, the Lotus. com domain name stopped showing a stand alone site, and started redirecting to the IBM. com domain name, to the page www. ibm. com / software / lotus.

A similar product had been named SQL / DS on the VM platform, and even earlier, in the mid 1970s, IBM released the QBE relational database product for the VM platform with a table-oriented " Query By Example " front-end which produced a linear-syntax language that drove transactions to its relational database.

By late 1991 MTS at UM was running on an IBM ES / 9000-720 supporting over 600 simultaneous terminal sessions and from 3 to 8 batch jobs.

By 1966 he had received an apology and been made an IBM Fellow, a high honor that carried with it resources and authority to pursue one's desired research.

By the late 1970s, however, most VM users were connecting via full-screen terminals – particularly the IBM 3270, the ubiquitous transaction processing terminal on IBM mainframes.