By the mid-twentieth century the automobile caused the railroad to cease operation in Forestburgh.

By the mid-twentieth century, Beirut had become the luxury department store of the Near East.

By the eighteenth century, overcoats had begun to supplant capes and cloaks as outer wear, and by the mid-twentieth century the terms jacket and coat became confused for recent styles ; the difference in use is still maintained for older garments.

" By way of Canarsie " was a mid-twentieth century American English figure of speech meaning " to come to one's destination by a roundabout way or from a distant point.

By the mid-twentieth century, the suburb had absorbed large numbers of Greek and Italian arrivals.

By all appearances he was born a North American citizen sometime in the mid-twentieth century, his only known relative an older brother named Dan to which he had a strong attachment.

By the mid-twentieth century this rustic feature was a rarity ; in 1953, William Chapman White wrote in the New York Herald Tribune:

By the year 2000 deaths by blowdryers had dropped to less than four people a year, a stark difference to the hundreds of cases of electrocution accidents during the mid-twentieth century.

By the mid-twentieth century the term was also used to describe a similar mixture that does not include meat, but that might include animal fat in the form of suet or butter, but could also substitute solid vegetable fats, making it vegetarian.

By the mid-twentieth century his approach became discredited for many scholars ; often it is said to contain anachronistic errors and attempts to apply late 19th century novelistic conceptions of morality and psychology to early 17th century society.

By the mid-twentieth century, numbers began declining, and the bird is now extirpated in North America.

By the mid-twentieth century, beverage coasters made in many materials and styles were being manufactured for domestic use.

By the mid-twentieth century, the glee had become a musical curiosity, seldom performed.

By the mid-twentieth century, when Gode led the development of Interlingua, the ideals underlying Esperanto had come to seem naive.

By the end of the nineteenth century, in 1893, when the Big Three, Columbia, and Penn were populous centers of learning, Dartmouth graduated only sixty-nine.

By the end of the century the Roman Catholic Church was beginning to make itself felt, mainly through such institutions as hospitals but also through its attitude towards organized labour.

By the 27th century BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs which are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel ( or no vowel ) to be supplied by the native speaker.

By the tenth century two other forms can be distinguished namely Canaanite and Aramaic.

By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks.

By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established.

By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

By the late 5th century BC, philosophers might separate Aphrodite into two separate goddesses, not individuated in cult: Aphrodite Ourania, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and Aphrodite Pandemos, the common Aphrodite " of all the folk ," born from Zeus and Dione.

By the beginning of the 8th century, these kingdoms had either been conquered by Nicene neighbors ( Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians ) or their rulers had accepted Nicene Christianity ( Visigoths, Lombards ).

By the middle of the 19th century, industrialisation swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution was kept in place ( compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein ) until 1801, when Aachen became the " chef-lieu du département de la Roer " in Napoléon's First French Empire.

By the 6th century Alexander's commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was referred to as " the commentator " ().

By the mid-4th century however the assembly's judicial functions were largely curtailed, though it always kept a role in the initiation of various kinds of political trial.

By the mid-16th century, they were in common use in most of Europe.

By the standards of 19th century tycoons, Carnegie was not a particularly ruthless man but a humanitarian with enough acquisitiveness to go in the ruthless pursuit of money ; on the other hand, the contrast between his life and the lives of many of his own workers and of the poor, in general, was stark.

By the 7th century BC, much of the Assyrian population used Akkadian influenced Eastern Aramaic and not Akkadian itself.

By the 4th century AD artists had started debating in writing over the proper goals of art as well.

By the end of the twentieth century " Negro " had come to be considered inappropriate and was rarely used and perceived as a pejorative.

By the early 5th century Britain had been Roman for over three hundred and fifty years.

By the 1st century BC, Aediles were elected in July, and took office on the first day in January.

By the 16th century, a cappella polyphony had further developed, but gradually, the cantata began to take the place of a cappella forms.

By the 19th century orchestral music in Europe had standardized the string section into the following homogeneous instrumental groups: first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.

By the 3rd century BC, the rival armies of Carthage and Rome began to invade and fight for control of the Iberian Peninsula.

By the 5th century AD, Rome was in decline and the Roman predecessor town of Alicante, known as Lucentum ( Latin ), was more or less under the control of the Visigothic warlord Theudimer.

By the end of the 18th century there were no factories or mills and only a few small cottage industries along the border with Zurich.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, Steiner's interests turned to explicitly spiritual areas of research.

By 1792 there was no longer consensus that all the revolutionaries at the tennis court were " heroes.

" Musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez summarizes the relativist, post-modern viewpoint: " The border between music and noise is always culturally defined — which implies that, even within a single society, this border does not always pass through the same place ; in short, there is rarely a consensus ... By all accounts there is no single and intercultural universal concept defining what music might be.

By contrast, there is no consensus against its validity outside of biology ; recapitulation theory is still considered plausible and applied by some researchers in fields like Behavioral Development, the study of the origin of language, and others.

By the following century, the idea of the stars being the same as the Sun was reaching a consensus among astronomers.

By the time of Ingres's retrospective at the Exposition Universelle in 1855, an emerging consensus viewed his portrait paintings as his masterpieces.

By the time he attended a standardisation conference in Paris, France in May 1886, the international consensus was that all ephemerides should be based on Newcomb's calculations.

By 1919, it became the consensus of many locals that they needed to form a county of their own and Garfield County was established.

By the late 1990s a “ remarkably broad academic consensus ” existed that Glass-Steagall had been “ thoroughly discredited .”

By the end of the 19th century the scholarly consensus was that the Pentateuch was the work of many authors writing from 1000 BCE ( the time of David ) to 500 BCE ( the time of Ezra ) and redacted c. 450, and as a consequence whatever history it contained was more often polemical than strictly factual – a conclusion reinforced by the then fresh scientific refutations of what were at the time widely classed as biblical mythologies, as discussed above.

By unspoken consensus, certain behaviours are deemed " appropriate " and others " inappropriate ".

By consensus between Marshall and Arnold, debate on separation of the Air Force into a service co-equal with the Army and Navy was postponed until after the war.

By appealing to a real or fictional " consensus " the media manipulator attempts to create the perception that his opinion is the only opinion, so that alternative ideas are dismissed from public consideration.

By contrast, keeping the 3 / 4 legislative vote requirement would mean that any constitutional amendment would require a consensus among both the pan-green coalition and pan-blue coalition to be considered.

By the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, the consensus in American education was overwhelmingly in favor of issuing homework to students of all grade levels.

By the mid-1950s there was a scientific consensus that smoking promotes lung cancer, but the tobacco industry fought the findings, both in the public eye and within the scientific community.

According to Wilfrid Sheed, quoted in Time Magazine, " By silent consensus, the king of this army of unknown soldiers, the Hollywood incognitos, was Harry Warren, who had more songs on the Hit Parade than Berlin himself and who would win the contest hands down if enough people have heard of him.

By the time he attended a standardisation conference in Paris, France, in May 1896, the international consensus was that all ephemerides should be based on Newcomb's calculations — Newcomb's Tables of the Sun.

By general consensus, Svendsen was regarded as one of the most talented students then at the Conservatory.

By the early 1990s there was a consensus in human development theory and ecological economics that growth in money supply was actually reflective of a loss of well-being: that lacks of essential natural and social services were being paid for in cash and that this was expanding the economy but degrading life.

By the mid-2nd century, tensions arose with the split of early Christianity and Judaism, which some theorize led eventually to the determination of a Jewish canon by the emerging rabbinic movement, though, even as of today, there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Jewish canon was set.

By the last third of the century, a growing consensus appeared on the importance of ' a distinction between " personal countertransference " ( which has to do with the therapist ) and " diagnostic response "-that indicates something about the patient ... diagnostic countertransference '.

By 1975 the declaration's signers had reached a consensus on prohibiting a range of weapons and equipment, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons ; ballistic missiles ; aircraft carriers ; cruisers ; and nuclear submarines.

By contrast, a fostering strategy generally involves taking an " integrative " or win-win approach to the negotiations, combined with a " consensus " approach to internal relations in both sides, and an attitudinal approach that emphasizes openness and understanding.

By the late 1990s, with the rise of wikis ( a simple repository and data dictionary that was easy for the public to use ), the way consensus applied to joint editing, meeting agendas and so on had become a major concern.