Puttenham, in the time of Elizabeth I of England, wished to start from Elissabet Anglorum Regina ( Elizabeth Queen of the English ), to obtain Multa regnabis ense gloria ( By thy sword shalt thou reign in great renown ); he explains carefully that H is " a note of aspiration only and no letter ", and that Z in Greek or Hebrew is a mere SS.

By 454, the Delian League could be fairly characterized as an Athenian Empire ; at the start of the Peloponnesian War, only Chios and Lesbos were left to contribute ships, and these states were by now far too weak to secede without support.

By the mid-1960s, both systems showed enough promise to start development of base selection for a limited ABM system dubbed Sentinel.

By the start of the war this included

By the start of the 1996 season, Fitzroy was almost at the end of its financial tether.

By quickly setting up for the next play ( often within 5 – 10 seconds after the last play despite being afforded 45 seconds ) this hindered the other team's defense from substituting situational players, regrouping for tactics, and, some suggest, increased the defense's rate of fatigue ( This is attributed to the belief that the offense dictates when a play starts so they tend to be more mentally relaxed and prepared for the start of a play where the defense must remain on a higher level of alert before the play starts ).

By the start of World War I the cinema in Poland was already in full swing, with numerous adaptations of major works of Polish literature screened ( notably the Dzieje grzechu, Meir Ezofowicz and Nad Niemnem.

By the start of the fourteenth century the word appeared in English texts, indicating all three senses: the most common one, the legal term and the archaic usage.

By the start of the 18th century, a political union between Scotland and England became politically and economically attractive, promising to open up the much larger markets of England, as well as those of the growing British Empire.

By the start of the Common Era, " robust, vertical, angular harps " ( fig.

By the start of the First World War, the German Imperial Navy possessed 22 pre-Dreadnoughts, 19 dreadnought battleships and 7 battlecruisers.

By the start of the Eocene 55 million years ago ( Mya ), they had diversified and spread out to occupy several continents.

( By comparison, the Standard Model is expected to start to break down above its cutoff at the much smaller scale of around 1000 GeV.

By the start of the 20th century France and Switzerland remained the only republics in Europe.

By the start of the 20th century it became widely popular throughout North America and was listened and danced to, performed, and written by people of many different subcultures.

By starting this Super Bowl Tarkenton became the second quarterback to start three Super Bowls, following his Super Bowl VIII counterpart Bob Griese.

By the start of the scientific revolution, empiricism had already become an important component of science and natural philosophy.

By using this otherwise wasted energy to increase the mass of air, it becomes easier to ensure that all fuel is burned before being vented at the start of the exhaust stage.

By the start of the 17th century ' jachts ' came in two broad categories-speel-jachts for sport and oorlog-jachts for naval duties.

By the start of the 21st century, a modified " short-cut " version was being served by fast-food chains in servings up to.

By using a transmission gearbox, the rotational inertia of the flywheel can be used to directly start up a diesel engine, and once running, the diesel engine can be used to directly spin the flywheel.

By 1528, less than ten years after the start of the Reformation, the lords of the Frankish margrave territories switched to the Lutheran faith.

By the morning of 2 May, they had gained the safety of Berkeley Castle and had a head start of over Edward.

By 1111 the ranks had grown sufficiently at Cîteaux, and Stephen sent a group of 12 monks to start a " daughter house ", a new community dedicated to the same ideals of the strict observance of Saint Benedict.

By the start of the 1980s most politicians had lost interest in the concept and the project was repeatedly de-funded in the early 1980s.

By the 15th century there is evidence for the renewed use of lidded cementation crucibles at Zwickau in Germany.

By the 15th century, the Aztecs gained control of a large part of Mesoamerica, and adopted cacao into their culture.

By the 15th century calico from Gujarat made its appearance in Egypt.

By 15: 00, the 3rd Reconnaissance Regiment and part of 21st Panzer Division from the north and 33rd Reconnaissance Regiment and the Baade Group comprising elements from 15th Panzer Division from the south were in place under Lieutenamnt-General ( General der Panzertruppe ) Walther Nehring.

By the late 15th century some vihuelas were played with a bow, leading to the development of the viol.

By the 15th century, the Ottomans ruled most of the Balkan Peninsula.

By the 15th century CE, the farming Bakongo people ( ba being the plural prefix ) were unified as the Kingdom of Kongo under a ruler called the manikongo, residing in the fertile Pool Malebo area on the lower Congo River.

By the end of the 15th century was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties, but such was the influence of the Dominicans, and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas ( who had been canonised in 1323 and declared " Doctor Angelicus " of the Church in 1567 ) that the Council of Trent ( 1545 – 63 )— which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine — instead declined to take a position.

By the early 15th century, the ruling structure had split into several large groups known as khanates, including the Nogai Horde and the Uzbek Khanate.

By the 15th century, the Sengoku Jidai civil war erupted, and the vast need for swords together with the ferocity of the fighting caused the highly artistic techniques of the Kamakura period ( known as the " Golden Age of Swordmaking ") to be abandoned in favor of more utilitarian and disposable weapons.

By the early 15th century, stern measures were undertaken by Church and state which drove Lollardy underground.

By the 15th century, Islam had become the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia's two most populous islands.

By his marriage with a Francesca Orsini of Monterotondo was born Gentile Virginio Orsini, one of the most relevant figures of Italian politics in the late 15th century.

By the early 15th century at the latest, Robin Hood had become associated with May Day celebrations, with revellers dressing as Robin or as members of his band for the festivities.

By the end of the 15th century, " Standard English " was established in the City of London.

By the end of the 15th century there had been a myriad of autonomous Christian kingdoms and principalities.

By the 15th Century, pattens became popular by both men and women in Europe.

By 1353, the three original cantons had been joined by the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the city states of Lucerne, Zürich, and Bern, forming the " Old Federation " of eight states that persisted during much of the 15th century.

By the end of the 15th century, the discovery of a sea route from Europe to the Far East ended the need for an overland trade route through Syria.

By the end of the 15th century, the population in Stockholm can be estimated to 5, 000 – 7, 000 people, which made it a relatively small town compared to several other contemporary European cities.

By the 15th century, its authority in the Spanish Jewish community was such that Joseph ibn Shem-Tov drew from it arguments in his attacks against Maimonides, and even representatives of non-mystical Jewish thought began to assert its sacredness and invoke its authority in the decision of some ritual questions.

By the end of the 15th century, the practice of acting these plays in cycles on festival days was established in several parts of Europe.

By the middle of the 15th century Po-ni had entered into a close relationship with the Muslim kingdom of Malacca.

By the end of the 15th century, Portugal expelled some local Jews, along with those refugees that came from Castile and Aragon after 1492.

By the 15th and 16th centuries, the Greek spoken in Calabria was rapidly replaced by Latin, the dominant language of the Italian Peninsula through a process of Italianization.