Caesar foresaw that they would now attempt to ally themselves with the Germans.

Friends of the young Alexios II now tried to form a party against the empress mother and the prōtosebastos ; Alexios II's half-sister Maria, wife of Caesar John ( Renier of Montferrat ), stirred up riots in the streets of the capital.

Caesar was now in a dire position, holding a beachhead at Epirus with only half his army, no ability to supply his troops by sea, and limited local support, as the Greek cities were mostly loyal to Pompey.

During his Danube sojourn ( Drinkwater suggests in 255 or 256 ) he proclaimed his elder son Valerian II Caesar and thus official heir to himself and Valerian I ; the boy probably now joined Gallienus on campaign and when Gallienus moved west to the Rhine provinces in 257 remained behind on the Danube as the personification of Imperial authority.

According to Caesar, those killed had been the Tigurini, on whom he had now taken revenge in the name of the Republic and his family.

Speculation that the Roman dictator Julius Caesar was born by the method now known as C-section is apparently false.

Caesar's mediation between Crassus and Pompey led to the creation of the coalition between Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar ( by now consul ), known as the First Triumvirate in 60 BC.

There is evidence that Julius Caesar used more complicated systems as well, and one writer, Aulus Gellius, refers to a ( now lost ) treatise on his ciphers:

Brutus is portrayed as a man similar to Caesar, but whose passions lead him to the wrong reasoning, which he realises in the end when he says in V. v. 50 – 51, “ Caesar, now be still :/ I kill ’ d not thee with half so good a will ”.

Octavian — who had begun calling himself " Divi filius " (" son of the divinity ") after Caesar's deification as Divus Iulius (" the Divine Julius ") and now styled himself simply " Imperator Caesar " — took control of the West, Antony of the East, and Lepidus of Hispania and Africa.

Caesar is now with a group campaigning to get a full-time local radio station for the Sittingbourne area of Kent, SFM.

With the exception of a few major writers, such as Cicero, Caesar, Lucretius and Catullus, ancient accounts of Republican literature are glowing accounts of jurists and orators who wrote prolifically but who now can't be read because their works have been lost, or analyses of language and style that appear insightful but can't be verified because there are no surviving instances.

This situation continued until 293, when Constantius Chlorus, now the western Caesar, marched into Gaul and reclaimed it for the empire.

With these hopes now dashed, Tiberius left his administration more than ever in the care of Sejanus, and looked toward the sons of Germanicus ( Nero Caesar, Drusus Caesar, and Caligula ) as possible future heirs.

The town was given the name of Caesaromagus ( the market place of Caesar ), although the reason for it being given the great honour of bearing the Imperial prefix is now unclear – possibly as a failed ' planned town ' provincial capital to replace Londinium or Camulodunum.

In what was now his city he went on with the nine tempera pictures of the Triumphs of Caesar, which he had probably begun before his leaving for Rome, and which he finished around 1492.

It was now a race against time as both Caesar and Pompey rushed to meet Antony.

Pompey ordered a halt, believing that Caesar was now done for and also suspicious of a trap.

One of the soldiers jokingly said that Caesar was better than his word: he had promised to make them foot guards, but now they appeared as knights.

Formally declared an enemy of the State, Caesar pursued the senatorial party, now led by Pompey, who abandoned the city to raise arms in Greece, with Cato among his companions.

* 27 BC – End of the Republic, beginning of the Roman Empire: Octavian is now called Augustus Caesar and becomes the sole ruler of Rome

However, this time, supporters were difficult to find because it was by now clear Caesar had won the civil war.

`` Tact '', by its very derivation, implies that its possessor keeps in touch with other people, but the author of Clericis Laicos and Unam Sanctam, the wielder of the two swords, the papal sun of which the imperial moon was but a dim reflection, the peer of Caesar and vice-regent of Christ, was so high above other human beings that he had forgotten what they were like.

Having no living legitimate children, Caesar had adopted his great-nephew Octavius as his son and main heir.

Mark Antony later charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favours, though Suetonius, in his work Lives of the Twelve Caesars, describes Antony's accusation as political slander.

Julius Caesar in Gallic Wars tells us ( 1. 51 ) that Ariovistus had gathered an army from a wide region of Germany, but especially the Harudes, Marcomanni, Triboci, Vangiones, Nemetes and Sedusii.

From the marriage of Julia and Agrippa, Agrippina had four full-blood siblings: a sister Julia the Younger and three brothers: Gaius Caesar, Lucius Caesar and Agrippa Postumus.

According to Suetonius who had cited from Pliny the Elder, Agrippina had borne to Germanicus, a son called Gaius Julius Caesar who had a lovable character.

She had three elder brothers, Nero Caesar, Drusus Caesar and the future Emperor Caligula, and two younger sisters, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla.

Bryennios had been made kaisar ( Caesar ) and received the newly-created title of panhypersebastos (" honoured above all "), and remained loyal to both Alexios and John.

Bibulus, whom Pompey had appointed to command his 600-ship fleet, set up a massive blockade to prevent Caesar from crossing to Greece and to prevent any aid to Italy.

This caused Caesar to remark, " The day was theirs had there been anyone among them to take it.

Caesar had the following legions with him:

Caesar knew this would be his last stand as they had run out of supplies and with no lines of retreat they would be at Pompey's mercy and likely slaughtered if they lost the battle.

Caesar had won his greatest victory, having lost only about 1, 200 soldiers and 30 centurions.

Pompey's assassination had deprived Caesar of his ultimate public relations moment and pardoning his most ardent rival.

According to Tacitus, they drew inspiration from the example of Arminius, the prince of the Cherusci who had driven the Romans out of Germany in AD 9, and their own ancestors who had driven Julius Caesar from Britain.

Both Octavian and Mark Antony had fought against their common enemies in the civil war that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar.

In fact, according to a widespread belief, Mark Antony had once offered a crown to Julius Caesar.

Octavian complained that Antony had no authority for being in Egypt ; that his execution of Sextus Pompeius was illegal ; that his treachery to the king of Armenia disgraced the Roman name ; that he had not sent half the proceeds of the spoils to Rome according to his agreement ; that his connection with Cleopatra and the acknowledgment of Caesarion as a legitimate son of Julius Caesar were a degradation of his office and a menace to himself.

Carter argues in The Battle of Actium: The Rise and Triumph of Augustus Caesar that Antony knew he was surrounded and had nowhere to run.