On February 15, 44 BC, during the Lupercalia festival, Antony publicly offered Caesar a diadem.

A panicked Michael VI attempted to negotiate with the rebels through the famous courtier Michael Psellos, offering to adopt Isaac as his son and to grant him the title of kaisar ( Caesar ), but his proposals were publicly rejected.

Michael VI attempted to negotiate with the rebels through the famous courtier Michael Psellos, offering to adopt Isaac as his son and to grant him the title of kaisar ( Caesar ), but his proposals were publicly rejected.

Bibulus and Cato attempted to oppose Caesar in the public votes but were harassed and publicly assaulted by Caesar's retainers.

During the Empire, the office was publicly elected from the candidates of existing pontiffs, until the Emperors began to automatically assume the title, following Julius Caesar ’ s example.

However, Pompey and Crassus publicly supported Caesar ’ s bill, and the opposition to Bibulus was such, especially after he told the voters that he did not care about what they wanted that his Tribunes were unwilling to veto the bill.

After Caesar's death, Mark Antony, for a large monetary consideration, publicly announced that, in accordance with instructions left by Caesar, Deiotarus was to resume possession of all the territory of which he had been deprived.

This steadily distanced him from Caesar and when civil war broke out between the supporters of Pompey and Caesar in 49 BC, Spinther predictably sided with Pompey.

Caesar himself commanded the cavalry, he posted the notorious tenth legion on his right under Sulla, with the undermanned eighth and possibly the ninth on his left under Antonius.

Caesar himself mentions few place-names ; and although the battle is called after Pharsalos, four ancient writers – the author of the Bellum Alexandrinum ( 48. 1 ), Frontinus ( Strategemata 2. 3. 22 ), Eutropius ( 20 ), and Orosius ( 6. 15. 27 ) – place it specifically at Palaepharsalos.

Octavian complained that Antony had no authority for being in Egypt ; that his execution of Sextus Pompeius was illegal ; that his treachery to the king of Armenia disgraced the Roman name ; that he had not sent half the proceeds of the spoils to Rome according to his agreement ; that his connection with Cleopatra and the acknowledgment of Caesarion as a legitimate son of Julius Caesar were a degradation of his office and a menace to himself.

However, Constantius realised that too many threats still faced the Empire, and he could not possibly handle all of them by himself, so on 6 November 355, he elevated his last remaining relative, Julian, to the rank of Caesar.

Julius Caesar himself was known for his admiration of his escort of Germanic mixed cavalry, giving rise to the Cohortae Equitates.

Ignatius, himself appointed to his office in an uncanonical manner, opposed Caesar Bardas, who had deposed the regent Theodora.

During his Danube sojourn ( Drinkwater suggests in 255 or 256 ) he proclaimed his elder son Valerian II Caesar and thus official heir to himself and Valerian I ; the boy probably now joined Gallienus on campaign and when Gallienus moved west to the Rhine provinces in 257 remained behind on the Danube as the personification of Imperial authority.

But this arrangement soon gave way before the ambition of one of these tetrarchs, Deiotarus, the contemporary of Cicero and Julius Caesar, who made himself master of the other two tetrarchies and was finally recognized by the Romans as ' king ' of Galatia.

The nature of Caesar ’ s arrangement with the Helvetii and the other tribes is not further specified by the consul himself, but in his speech

' When you say such you do not mean that the stone itself is Caesar, but rather, the name and honor you ascribe to the statue passes over to the original, the archetype, Caesar himself.

In 46 BC, Caesar gave himself the title of " Prefect of the Morals ", which was an office that was new only in name, as its powers were identical to those of the censors.

However, for himself, Suetonius says Caesar said nothing.

In need of support, in 351 he made Julian's half-brother, Gallus, Caesar of the East, while Constantius II himself turned his attention westward to Magnentius, whom he defeated decisively that year.

" was common for Caesar in his writings to refer to himself in the third person.

At one point Macbeth even compares himself to Antony, saying " under Banquo / My Genius is rebuk'd, as it is said / Mark Antony's was by Caesar.

* 350 – Vetranio is asked by Constantina, sister of Constantius II, to proclaim himself Caesar.

Antony made himself ever available to assist Caesar in carrying out his military campaigns.

:::::::: By all means let Cato in his life be greater than Julius Caesar himself ;

The second well-known incident of a leader extending his term indefinitely was Roman dictator Julius Caesar, who made himself " Perpetual Dictator " ( commonly mistranslated as ' Dictator-for-life ') in 45 BC.

Caesar Baronius, writing in the 16th century, and basing himself on Luitprand, was particularly scathing, describing Sergius as:

Of more symbolic importance, the treaty referred to Charles V not as ' Emperor ', but in rather plainer terms as the ' King of Spain ', leading Suleiman to consider himself the true ' Caesar '.

After the usurper Maxentius declared himself Caesar, Augustus Flavius Valerius Severus | Severus marched on Rome but was defeated when his troops deferred to Maxentius.

According to Plutarch, Vercingetorix surrendered in dramatic fashion, riding his beautifully adorned horse out of Alesia and around Caesar's camp before dismounting in front of Caesar, stripping himself of his armor and sitting down at his opponent's feet, where he remained motionless until he was taken away.

Mark Antony presents Caesar with a royal diadem, urging him to take it and declare himself king.

Though he quickly dropped " Octavianus " from his name and his contemporaries referred to him as " Caesar " during this period, historians refer to him as Octavian between 44 BC and 27 BC.

Julius Caesar in Gallic Wars tells us ( 1. 51 ) that Ariovistus had gathered an army from a wide region of Germany, but especially the Harudes, Marcomanni, Triboci, Vangiones, Nemetes and Sedusii.

According to Suetonius who had cited from Pliny the Elder, Agrippina had borne to Germanicus, a son called Gaius Julius Caesar who had a lovable character.

The most remarkable of his works are Mercury and Ignorance, the Deluge, Pharaoh's Host Drowned in the Red Sea ( after Titian ), the Triumph of Caesar ( after Mantegna ), and Christ retiring from the judgment-seat of Pilate after a relief by Giambologna.

A dispute between Caesar and the Senate of Rome culminated in Caesar marching his army on Rome and forcing Pompey, accompanied by much of the Roman Senate, to flee from Italy to Greece in 49 BC where he could better conscript an army to face his former ally.

Bibulus, whom Pompey had appointed to command his 600-ship fleet, set up a massive blockade to prevent Caesar from crossing to Greece and to prevent any aid to Italy.

Although Pompey was strongly against it-he wanted to surround and starve Caesar's army instead-he eventually gave in and accepted battle from Caesar on a field near Pharsalus.

After this, Caesar ordered his six cohorts from his left flank to attack the flank of Pompey's army, the battle was more or less decided.

Caesar settled the remnants of that group in Gorgobina, from where they sent two thousand to Vercingetorix's aid at the battle of Alesia six years later.

According to Tacitus, they drew inspiration from the example of Arminius, the prince of the Cherusci who had driven the Romans out of Germany in AD 9, and their own ancestors who had driven Julius Caesar from Britain.

* The epistolary novel Ides of March by Thornton Wilder centers on Julius Caesar, but prominently features Catullus, his poetry, his relationship ( and correspondence ) with Clodia, correspondence from his family and a description of his death.

Claudius ( Latin: Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54 ) was Roman Emperor from 41 to 54.

According to Julius Caesar, the Belgian tribe of the Atuatuci " was descended from the Cimbri and Teutoni, who, upon their march into our province and Italy, set down such of their stock and stuff as they could not drive or carry with them on the near ( i. e. west ) side of the Rhine, and left six thousand men of their company there with as guard and garrison " ( Gall.

In AD 30, his brother, Drusus Caesar, was imprisoned on charges of treason and his brother Nero died in exile from either starvation or suicide.

The evidence from the ancient historians could also converge with evidence from other fields, such as archeology: for example, evidence that many senators fled Rome at the time, that the battles of Caesar ’ s civil war occurred, and so forth.

His enormous The History of England, tracing events from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688, was a best-seller in its day.

" Anticipating the Declaration of Independence, Patriot leaders Thomas McKean and Caesar Rodney convinced the Colonial Assembly to declare itself separated from British and Pennsylvania rule on June 15, 1776.

With nothing more to be feared from the enemy, Domitian came forward to meet the invading forces ; he was universally saluted by the title of Caesar, and the mass of troops conducted him to his father's house.

The name derived from Julius Caesar's cognomen " Caesar ": this cognomen was adopted by all Roman emperors, exclusively by the ruling monarch after the Julio-Claudian dynasty had died out.

This is one of the most enduring titles, Caesar and its transliterations appeared in every year from the time of Caesar Augustus to Tsar Symeon II of Bulgaria's removal from the throne in 1946.