Thereafter, Octavian started a propaganda war, denouncing Antony as an enemy of Rome, asserting that he was seeking to establish a personal monarchy over the entire Roman Empire on the behalf of Caesarion, completely circumventing the Roman Senate.

Octavian complained that Antony had no authority for being in Egypt ; that his execution of Sextus Pompeius was illegal ; that his treachery to the king of Armenia disgraced the Roman name ; that he had not sent half the proceeds of the spoils to Rome according to his agreement ; that his connection with Cleopatra and the acknowledgment of Caesarion as a legitimate son of Julius Caesar were a degradation of his office and a menace to himself.

As for Cleopatra, she was proclaimed Queen of Kings and Queen of Egypt, to rule with Caesarion ( Ptolemy XV Caesar, son of Cleopatra by Julius Caesar ), King of Kings and King of Egypt.

Most important of all, Caesarion was declared legitimate son and heir of Caesar.

Far more dangerous was the acknowledgment of Caesarion as legitimate and heir to Caesar's name.

She was briefly outlived by Caesarion, who was declared pharaoh by his supporters, but he was soon killed on Octavian's orders.

To safeguard herself and Caesarion, she had Antony order the death of her sister Arsinoe, who was living at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus, which was under Roman control.

At the Donations of Alexandria in late 34 BC, following Antony's conquest of Armenia, Cleopatra and Caesarion were crowned co-rulers of Egypt and Cyprus ; Alexander Helios was crowned ruler of Armenia, Media, and Parthia ; Cleopatra Selene II was crowned ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya ; and Ptolemy Philadelphus was crowned ruler of Phoenicia, Syria, and Cilicia.

" Caesarion was not only elevated having coregency with Cleopatra, but also proclaimed with many titles, including god, son of god and king of kings, and was depicted as Horus.

Cleopatra's son by Caesar, Caesarion, was proclaimed pharaoh by the Egyptians, after Alexandria fell to Octavian.

He was the second oldest of Cleopatra's sons, Caesarion being the oldest.

Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar (, Ptolemaios IEʹ Philopatōr Philomētōr Kaisar ; ; June 23, 47 BC – August 23, 30 BC ), better known by the nicknames Caesarion (;, Kaisariōn, literally " little Caesar "; ) and Ptolemy Caesar (;, Ptolemaios Kaisar ; ), was the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, who reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC.

Caesarion was born in Egypt in 47 BC.

Caesarion was said to have inherited Caesar's looks and manner, but Caesar apparently did not officially acknowledge him.

Caesarion was named co-ruler by his mother on September 2, 44 BC at the age of three, although he was King in name only, with Cleopatra keeping actual authority all to herself.

Caesarion was proclaimed a god, son of god and " King of Kings ".

Most threatening to Octavian ( whose claim to power was based on his status as Julius Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son ), Antony declared Caesarion to be Caesar's true son and heir.

Octavian had Caesarion killed later that year, finally securing his legacy as Julius Caesar's only ' son '.

Plutarch, Cassius Dio and Suetonius state that Octavian killed Antony ’ s son Marcus Antonius Antyllus and Cleopatra's son with Julius Caesar, Caesarion.

The alliance commonly known as the Second Triumvirate, renewed for a five-year term in 38 BC, broke down when Octavian came to perceive Caesarion, the son of Julius Caesar and the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra VII, as a major threat to his power.

That occurred when Mark Antony, the other most influential member of the Triumvirate, abandoned his wife, Octavian's sister Octavia Minor, and moved to Egypt to start a long-term romance with Cleopatra, thus becoming de facto stepfather to Caesarion.

In a departure from history, Pullo reports to Octavian that Caesarion is dead, when in fact he has been brought to Rome under an assumed name to live with Pullo.

** Caesar's erstwhile mistress, Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and his son by her, Caesarion, taken up residence in one of the dictator's estates on the Tiber.

Over time, Caesarion turns from a haughty prince to a decent young man, and ultimately, he must decide whether or not to give up his old life in exchange for a new one in peace.

As a result, some 19th-century texts count Ptolemy Philometor as " Ptolemy VII " ( instead of " Ptolemy VI "), and increment the numbers of all later Ptolemies by one until " Ptolemy XVI Caesarion " ( instead of " Ptolemy XV ").

As a personal challenge to Octavian's prestige, Antony tried to get Caesarion accepted as a true heir of Julius Caesar, even though the legacy did not mention him at all.

Octavian's political position was threatened by the acknowledgement of Caesarion as legitimate and heir to Caesar's name.

Octavian is supposed to have had Caesarion executed in Alexandria, following the advice of Arius Didymus, who said " Too many Caesars is not good " ( a pun on a line in Homer ).

To safeguard herself and Caesarion, she had Antony order the execution of her ( half ) sister Arsinoe IV, who is living at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus.

* In the Asterix comic book Asterix and Son, at the end of the book Caesarion is revealed as being the baby boy that Asterix had found on his doorstep and had been looking after.

* The novel Cleopatra's Heir by Gillian Bradshaw, portrays Caesarion as an epileptic ( like his father Julius Caesar ), who, after being wounded during an attack by Roman soldiers, is left for dead.

* In the novel Antony and Cleopatra by Colleen McCullough, Caesarion is portrayed as a precociously wise young man who deplores many of his mother ’ s and Antony ’ s actions.

is: Caesarion

This lowers the numbering of all the later Ptolemies, until Caesarion is Ptolemy XIV ; the nicknames are unchanged, of course.

* In " Caesarion ", an episode of the television series Rome ( 2005 – 07 ), in which Pothinus is portrayed by actor Tony Guilfoyle, he is beheaded by the Romans and his head is placed on a spike on the outer wall of the palace

Caesar continued his relationship with Cleopatra throughout his last marriage, which lasted fourteen years – in Roman eyes, this did not constitute adultery – and may have fathered a son called Caesarion.

His supporter Gaius Oppius wrote a pamphlet which attempted to prove that Caesar could not have fathered Caesarion.

After the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium, Cleopatra seems to have groomed Caesarion to take over as " sole ruler without his mother.

The Donations of Alexandria ( Autumn 34 BC ) were a religio-political ( theopolitical ) statement by Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony in which they distributed lands held by Rome and Parthia amongst Cleopatra's children, and granted them many titles, especially for Caesarion, son of Julius Caesar.

Octavian had Caesarion murdered, but he spared Antony's children by Cleopatra, who were paraded through the streets of Rome.

* 44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.

** Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.

* June 23 – Prince Caesarion of Egypt, later Pharaoh Ptolemy XV ( d. 30 BC )

* Autumn – The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra VII of Egypt ; he declared Caesarion, Caesar's legitimate son as co-ruler of Egypt and Cyprus.

* With the suicide of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and the execution of Ptolemy XV Caesarion the Ptolemaic dynasty, the last dynasty of Ancient Egypt comes to an end.

She later elevated her son with Caesar, Caesarion, to co-ruler in name.

She became Caesar ’ s mistress, and nine months after their first meeting, in 47 BC, Cleopatra gave birth to their son, Ptolemy Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion, which means " little Caesar.

Cleopatra, Ptolemy XIV and Caesarion visited Rome in the summer of 46 BC.

At the beginning of 43 BC, Cleopatra formed an alliance with the leader of the Caesarian party in the east, Publius Cornelius Dolabella, who also recognized Caesarion as her co-ruler.