Its location below Augustus ' residence is thought to be significant ; Octavian, before he became Augustus, had considered taking the name Romulus to indicate that he intended to found Rome anew.

* 43 BC – The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (" Octavian ", later " Caesar Augustus "), Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Mark Antony is formed.

The most recent theory is that the vase in fact dates back to circa 32BC, and was commissioned by Octavian ( later Caesar Augustus ), as an attempt to promote his case against the two other consuls, Mark Anthony and Marcus Lepidus.

On the reverse is Octavian, the future Augustus ( Emperor to be ), Octavia his unfortunate sister, widow of Mark Anthony ( downcast flambeau, broken tablets ) and Livia, Octavian's third wife who outlived him.

** Antony is again defeated in the Battle of Mutina by a coalition of Octavian, Decimus Brutus, and the two consuls of the year.

* July – August – Antony is again at the head of a large army, Octavian enters Rome in force without opposition.

* April 18 – April 21 – Octavian engages in charm offensive with consular Cicero who is fulminating against Mark Antony.

* December – Antony besieges Brutus Albinus in Mutina ( Modena ), with Octavian, an ally of Decimus, who is one of his uncle's assassins, close by.

The treaty is cemented by the marriage of Antony and Octavia, sister of Octavian.

In 216 and 205 BC it assisted Rome in the Second Punic War but afterwards it is not mentioned until 41-40 BC, when Lucius Antonius took refuge there, and was reduced by Octavian after a long siege, and its senators sent to their death.

* October 23 – Second Battle of Philippi: Brutus ' army is defeated by Antony and Octavian, the Triumvirs smash through the weakened Republican centre and take Brutus's right wing in its flank.

* January 17 – Octavian marries Livia while she is still pregnant from a recently broken marriage.

Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian conducts a rendezvous with the Roman fleet under Marcus Vipsanius, which is engaged in clearing the Dalmatian coast of piracy.

* Pannonia is attacked by Octavian Caesar ; who conquered and sacked the stronghold Siscia ( Sisak ) of the Segestani, which is taken after a 30-day siege.

He lost his army to Octavian when his men mutinied, Lepidus is kept in luxurious captivity in Rome until his death.

Octavian Caesar is proclaimed dux and the West: Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swears an oath ( sacramentum ) of loyalty to him.

* Marcus Licinius Crassus campaigns successfully in the Balkans, killing the king of the Bastarnae with his own hand, but is denied the right to dedicate the spolia opima by Octavian.

A soothsayer warns Antony that he is sure to lose if he ever tries to fight Octavian.

He accuses Octavian of not giving him his fair share of Pompey's lands, and is angry that Lepidus, whom Octavian has imprisoned, is out of the triumvirate.

Octavian agrees to the former demand, but otherwise is very displeased with what Antony has done.

She gives Octavian what she claims is a complete account of her wealth, but is betrayed by her treasurer, who claims she is holding treasure back.

He is supposed to have foretold the greatness of Octavian, the future Augustus, on the day of his birth.

In 43 BC, after Octavian received his consulship from the Roman Senate, one of his first actions was to have the people that had assassinated Julius Caesar declared murderers and enemies of the state.

Of all the protagonists in the Civil War, only Octavian could have possessed it, because he alone had restored the pax deorum to the Roman people.

If Octavian spared their lives when he conquered Egypt to seem generous, he could have had them killed later.

But, like Virgil, Horace and Propertius, he seems to have lost most of it in 41 BC amongst the confiscations of Mark Antony and Octavian.

He was known to have granted assistance to both Pompey and Caesar, and later supported the Republican armies against Antonius and Octavian in the final days of the Republic.

According to Appian, Fulvia was a central cause of the war, due to her jealousy of Antony and Cleopatra's affair in Egypt ; she may have escalated the tensions between Octavian and Lucius in order to draw back Antony's attention to Italy.

The novels have been criticized for their idealization of military dictators and strong men like Caesar and Octavian.

A few singers such as Elisabeth Schumann and Margarethe Arndt-Ober have progressed from the high soprano of Sophie to the mezzo-soprano role of Octavian.

Some such as Gwyneth Jones, Christa Ludwig, Tiana Lemnitz, and Elisabeth Grümmer have gone from Octavian to the Marschallin.

As the far right had gathered momentum ( the Guard, running under the name of " Everything for the Fatherland Party ", had obtained 15. 6 of the vote ), Carol was faced with the threat of an Iron Guard government, which would have been one deeply opposed to all of his political principles: he called on a third party, Octavian Goga's National Christian Party ( coming from the anti-Semitic far right but deeply opposed to the Guard ) to form a new cabinet in December of that year.

Whether they were intentional or not, if we believe Suetonius, these references did not seem to trouble Octavian, to whom Virgil is said to have recited the Georgics in 29 BC.

We can be fairly sure that if Octavian had been displeased by these references, they would not have been included in the published poem.

Many similarities have been noted in the way the poems Sir Launfal, Libeaus Desconus and the Southern Octavian have been written.

In the autumn of 1940 he transferred his ship Octavian to a company registered in Panama and run by himself, thus breaking the rule that all Norwegian ships be controlled by Nortraship, albeit he claimed to have obtained a dispensation from Norwegian authorities.

In 44 BCE, he seems to have followed Octavian to Rome and continued mentoring him there.

They may have also functioned as the neighbourhood Lares of Octavian ( the later emperor Augustus ), who owned a house between the Temple of Vesta and the Regia.

This popular romance must have been circulating in England before 1320, because William of Nassington, in his work Speculum Vitae, which dates from this time, mentions feats of arms and other ' vanities ', such as those found in stories of Sir Guy of Warwick, Bevis of Hampton, Octavian and Sir Isumbras.

The site of Naxos itself seems to have been never again inhabited in antiquity ; but the altar and shrine of Apollo Archegetes continued to mark the spot where it had stood, and are mentioned in the war between Octavian and Sextus Pompey in Sicily, 36 BC.

Mark Antony later charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favours, though Suetonius, in his work Lives of the Twelve Caesars, describes Antony's accusation as political slander.

Octavian made another bold move in 44 BC when without official permission he appropriated the annual tribute that had been sent from Rome's Near Eastern province

Octavian's prestige and, more importantly, the loyalty of his legions, had been initially boosted by Julius Caesar's legacy of 44 BC, by which the then nineteen-year-old Octavian had been officially adopted as the only son of the great Roman general and also established as the sole legitimate heir of his enormous wealth.

Both Octavian and Mark Antony had fought against their common enemies in the civil war that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar.

Antony complained that Octavian had exceeded his powers in deposing Lepidus, in taking over the countries held by Sextus Pompeius, in enlisting soldiers for himself without sending half to him.

Octavian complained that Antony had no authority for being in Egypt ; that his execution of Sextus Pompeius was illegal ; that his treachery to the king of Armenia disgraced the Roman name ; that he had not sent half the proceeds of the spoils to Rome according to his agreement ; that his connection with Cleopatra and the acknowledgment of Caesarion as a legitimate son of Julius Caesar were a degradation of his office and a menace to himself.

But, by the publication of Antony's will, which had been put into his hands by the traitor Plancus, and by carefully letting it be known at Rome what preparations were going on at Samos, and how entirely Antony was acting as the agent of Cleopatra, Octavian produced such a violent outburst of feeling that he easily obtained Antony's deposition from the consulship of 31, for which he had been designated, and a vote for a proclamation of war against Cleopatra, well understood to mean against Antony, though he was not named.

But during these months not only was Agrippa continuing his descent upon Greek towns and coasts, but in various cavalry skirmishes, Octavian had so far prevailed that Antony abandoned the north side of the strait and confined his soldiers to the southern camp.

Octavian had about 250 warships.

Before the battle, one of Mark Antony's generals, Quintus Dellius, had defected to Octavian, bringing with him Mark Antony's battle plans.

With the end of the battle, Octavian exerted himself to save the crews of the burning vessels, and had to spend the whole night on board.

After Mark Antony lost his fleet, his army, which had been equal to that of Octavian, deserted in large numbers.

Antony, who had found himself generally deserted, after vainly attempting to secure the army stationed near Paraetonium under Pinarius, and sending his eldest son Antyllus with money to Octavian and an offer to live at Athens as a private citizen, found himself in the spring attacked on two sides.

Octavian had Caesarion killed later that year, finally securing his legacy as Julius Caesar's only ' son '.

This constitutional tradition prevented both Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus from accepting a crown ; instead they had to devise a confluence of several republican offices onto their persons in order to secure absolute power.

In 32 BC, the Senate deprived him of his powers and declared war against Cleopatra – not Antony, because Octavian had no wish to advertise his role in perpetuating Rome's internecine bloodshed.

Cleopatra was allowed to conduct Antony's burial rites after she had been captured by Octavian.

Octavian had Caesarion murdered, but he spared Antony's children by Cleopatra, who were paraded through the streets of Rome.

# Marriage to Octavia the Younger, sister of Octavian, later Augustus ; they had two daughters:

Upon hearing that neither Antonius nor Octavian had an army big enough to defend Rome, Brutus rallied his troops, which totaled about 17 legions.