A Carnot heat engine is a hypothetical engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle.

The basic model for this engine was developed by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824.

The Carnot engine model was graphically expanded upon by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 and mathematically elaborated upon by Rudolf Clausius in 1857 and 66 from which the concept of entropy emerged.

The figure at right shows a block diagram of a generic heat engine, such as the Carnot engine.

A Carnot cycle is a special kind of cyclic process affecting a body composed of material suitable for use in a heat engine.

* Thermodynamics, the efficiency of a Carnot heat engine.

* Carnot cycle ( Carnot heat engine )

This efficiency is usually derived using an ideal imaginary heat engine such as the Carnot heat engine, although other engines using different cycles can also attain maximum efficiency.

It is first assumed that if a more efficient heat engine than a Carnot engine is possible, then it could be driven in reverse as a heat pump.

Empirically, no heat engine has ever been shown to run at a greater efficiency than a Carnot cycle heat engine.

The efficiency of a theoretical cycle cannot exceed that of the Carnot cycle, whose efficiency is determined by the difference between the lower and upper operating temperatures of the engine.

Annotated color version of the original 1824 Carnot heat engine showing the hot body ( boiler ), working body ( system, steam ), and cold body ( water ), the letters labeled according to the stopping points in Carnot cycle.

Drawing on all the previous work led Sadi Carnot, the " father of thermodynamics ", to publish Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire ( 1824 ), a discourse on heat, power, energy and engine efficiency.

The paper outlined the basic energetic relations between the Carnot engine, the Carnot cycle, and motive power.

The previous image shows the original piston-and-cylinder diagram used by Carnot in discussing his ideal engines.

Clapeyron, in his memoire, presented Carnot's work in a more accessible and analytic graphical form, showing the Carnot cycle as a closed curve on an indicator diagram, a chart of pressure against volume ( named in his honor Clapeyron's graph ).

It is combined with a reversed Carnot engine that has efficiency as shown by the diagram to the right.

The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot cycle because, when an efficient turbine is used, the TS diagram begins to resemble the Carnot cycle.

Processes 1-2 and 3-4 would be represented by vertical lines on the T-S diagram and more closely resemble that of the Carnot cycle.

A notice with a diagram describes what can be seen of the fort, that is the surrounding ditch, one of the bastions, part of the Carnot wall and the ramparts behind.

In 1834, he made his first contribution to the creation of modern thermodynamics by publishing a report entitled the Driving force of the heat ( Puissance motrice de la chaleur ), in which it developed the work of the physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, deceased two years before.

This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63 % compared with an actual efficiency of 42 % for a modern coal-fired power station.

Conté invented the modern pencil lead at the request of Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot.

We will call the first the furnace and the second the refrigerator .” Carnot then explains how we can obtain motive power, i. e. “ work ”, by carrying a certain quantity of heat from body A to body B.

It tells about the heat absorbed or emitted in the isothermal segment of a Carnot cycle.

In a Carnot cycle, heat () is absorbed from a ' hot ' reservoir, isothermally at the higher temperature, and given up isothermally to a ' cold ' reservoir,, at a lower temperature,.

Carnot did not distinguish between and, since he was working under the hypothesis that caloric theory was valid, and hence heat was conserved.

Through the efforts of Clausius and Kelvin, it is now known that the maximum work that can be done is the product of the Carnot efficiency and the heat absorbed at the hot reservoir:

In order to derive the Carnot efficiency,, Kelvin had to evaluate the ratio of the work done to the heat absorbed in the isothermal expansion with the help of the Carnot-Clapeyron equation which contained an unknown function, known as the Carnot function.

Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot ( 1824 ) who believed that the efficiency of heat engines was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars.

The second law can be phrased in several different ways, the most intuitive of which is that heat flows spontaneously from hotter to colder places ; the most well known statement is that entropy tends to increase ( see entropy production ), or at the least stay the same ; another statement is that no heat engine ( an engine which produces work while moving heat from a high temperature to a low temperature ) can be more efficient than a Carnot heat engine.

* The national network for fixed phones consists of some Panaftel microwave radio relay links ( from Bangui to Bossembele, Baoro, Carnot, Berberati and on to Gamboula on the border with Cameroon ).

* RN6 south and west from Bangui, 605 km via Mbaïki, Carnot and Berbérati to Gamboula on the border with Cameroon.

* RN11 from Baoro on RN3 south, 104 km to Carnot on RN6.

Gibbs ’ collection of papers provided the first unified body of thermodynamic theorems from the principles developed by others, such as Clausius and Sadi Carnot.

The concept of entropy arose from Rudolf Clausius's study of the Carnot cycle.

The fact that the Carnot function could be the temperature, measured from zero, was suggested by Joule in a letter to Kelvin, and this allowed Kelvin to establish his absolute temperature scale.

This is different from the cycle efficiencies of the plant or engine which are between approximately 25 % and 42 %, and are limited by any irreversibilities to be below the Carnot cycle efficiency.

The increased temperature from the higher pressure gives a higher Carnot efficiency.

Lazare Carnot played a large part in the reorganization of the French army from 1793 to 1794 — a time which saw previous French misfortunes reversed, with Republican armies advancing on all fronts.

The discovery of the Second Law of Thermodynamics by Carnot in the 19th century showed that every physical quantity is not conserved over time, thus disproving the validity of inducing the opposite metaphysical view from Newton's laws.

On 10 May Babeuf, who had taken the alias Tissot, was arrested ; many of his associates were gathered by the police on order from Lazare Carnot: among them were Augustin Alexandre Darthé and Philippe Buonarroti, the ex-members of the National Convention, Robert Lindet, Jean-Pierre-André Amar, Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier and Jean-Baptiste Drouet, famous as the postmaster of Saint-Menehould who had arrested Louis XVI during the latter's Flight to Varennes, and now a member of the Directory's Council of Five Hundred.

* Marie François Sadi Carnot, French president from 1887 to 1894

He remained conspicuous as a public man, took a prominent part in exposing the Panama scandals, was a powerful candidate for the presidency after the murder of President Carnot in 1894, and was again president of the chamber from December 1894 to 1898.

Sadi Carnot developed his principle of the Carnot cycle, which still forms the basis of heat engine theory, solely from the caloric viewpoint.

Another definition is that the Bight's boundaries are from Cape Pasley, Western Australia, to Cape Carnot, South Australia-a distance of 1, 160 km or 720 miles.

Reversible processes define the boundaries of how efficient heat engines can be in thermodynamics and engineering: a reversible process is one where no heat is lost from the system as " waste ", and the machine is thus as efficient as it can possibly be ( see Carnot cycle ).

Carnot efficiency can be increased by using multiple charge and discharge stages and using inexpensive heat sources and sinks such as cold water from rivers or hot water from solar ponds.